Conjugated Estrogen API Manufacturers & Suppliers

Zeaxanthin (CAS Number 144-68-3) is a naturally occurring xanthophyll carotenoid alcohol widely distributed in plants and certain microorganisms. It is structurally characterized by an oxygenated carotene backbone, specifically a long branched polyene chain with cyclic end groups. Zeaxanthin is a stereoisomer of lutein and differs primarily in spatial configuration. It confers a distinct yellow coloration to several vegetables and plant products, including paprika, corn, saffron, and wolfberries.

In humans, zeaxanthin is a predominant xanthophyll localized in the central macula of the retina where it plays a structural and functional role. Although exact pharmacodynamics and mechanism of action are not fully delineated, zeaxanthin is understood to serve as a macular pigment that may contribute to filtering high-energy blue light and act as an antioxidant. These properties underpin its use as a dietary supplement aimed at supporting ocular health and potentially mitigating the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Pharmacokinetic data for zeaxanthin show it is absorbed via the intestinal tract, with peak plasma concentrations occurring several hours post ingestion. Being lipophilic, its bioavailability is enhanced by dietary fats. It is primarily distributed to the liver and adipose tissue, with noteworthy accumulation in ocular tissue. Metabolic pathways and elimination routes have not been extensively characterized but likely involve hepatic metabolism and biliary excretion.

Safety profiles indicate that zeaxanthin is generally well tolerated at supplemental doses. Toxicological concerns are minimal, although long-term safety data are limited. There are no significant drug interaction data available. Due to its origin from natural sources, variability in purity and isomeric composition may occur among commercial preparations.

Zeaxanthin is utilized in both the nutraceutical and food industries, including formulations for eye health and as an approved natural food pigment. When sourcing zeaxanthin API, critical quality attributes to monitor include isomeric purity, absence of contaminants or degradation products, and compliance with established pharmacopeial standards if intended for pharmaceutical use. Suppliers should provide comprehensive documentation regarding origin, manufacturing processes, and analytical characterization to ensure product consistency and regulatory compliance.