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- Pyruvic acid
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Pyruvic acid | CAS No: 127-17-3 | GMP-certified suppliers
A medication that supports nutritional supplementation and corrects dietary imbalances by providing a key metabolic intermediate essential for energy production and overall cellular function.
Therapeutic categories
Primary indications
- For nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance
Product Snapshot
- Pyruvic acid is supplied as a solution intended for extracorporeal administration
- It is primarily used for nutritional supplementation and correction of dietary shortages or imbalances
- The product is approved and available as an investigational nutraceutical in the US market
Clinical Overview
Pharmacologically, pyruvate participates in the conversion to acetyl coenzyme A via pyruvate dehydrogenase. This conversion is essential for entry into the tricarboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle, facilitating aerobic ATP generation. Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate can be converted to lactate, permitting continued ATP production. Pyruvate’s role extends to cardiac metabolism where intravenous administration enhances myocardial contractility, particularly notable in ischemia/reperfusion injury. This inotropic effect is mediated by multiple mechanisms including increased ATP generation, inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase thereby maintaining enzyme activity, and a reduction in cytosolic inorganic phosphate. Additionally, pyruvate exhibits antioxidant properties through scavenging reactive oxygen species like hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides, and may indirectly elevate intracellular reduced glutathione levels.
Absorption and distribution characteristics of pyruvate are consistent with endogenous metabolic intermediates, ensuring rapid cellular uptake and utilization. Its safety profile is generally favorable when used within physiological or nutritional ranges, although supraphysiological levels and parenteral administration require careful consideration of dosing and monitoring.
Clinically, pyruvic acid is available in approved, investigational, and nutraceutical forms and is positioned within drug categories encompassing dietary supplements, keto acids, and pyruvates. It is found naturally in certain fruits, vegetables, and fermented beverages such as dark beer and red wine.
From an API sourcing perspective, ensuring high purity and consistent quality of pyruvic acid is critical due to its metabolic importance and sensitivity to contamination. Suppliers should provide comprehensive analytical data, including assay, impurity profiling, and stability information, to meet stringent pharmaceutical and nutraceutical standards.
Identification & chemistry
| Generic name | Pyruvic acid |
|---|---|
| Molecule type | Small molecule |
| CAS | 127-17-3 |
| UNII | 8558G7RUTR |
| DrugBank ID | DB00119 |
Pharmacology
| Summary | Pyruvate functions as a metabolic intermediate that enters the Krebs cycle via conversion to acetyl coenzyme A, facilitating aerobic ATP production and supporting cellular energy metabolism. It acts on multiple targets including pyruvate dehydrogenase and monocarboxylate transporters, enhancing cardiac contractile function through increased ATP generation and phosphorylation potential, particularly under ischemic conditions. Additionally, pyruvate exhibits antioxidant properties by scavenging reactive oxygen species and may support nutritional supplementation and correction of dietary imbalances. |
|---|---|
| Mechanism of action | Pyruvate serves as a biological fuel by being converted to acetyl coenzyme A, which enters the tricarboxylic acid or Krebs cycle where it is metabolized to produce ATP aerobically. Energy can also be obtained anaerobically from pyruvate via its conversion to lactate. Pyruvate injections or perfusions increase contractile function of hearts when metabolizing glucose or fatty acids. This inotropic effect is striking in hearts stunned by ischemia/reperfusion. The inotropic effect of pyruvate requires intracoronary infusion. Among possible mechanisms for this effect are increased generation of ATP and an increase in ATP phosphorylation potential. Another is activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase, promoting its own oxidation by inhibiting pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is inactivated in ischemia myocardium. Yet another is reduction of cytosolic inorganic phosphate concentration. Pyruvate, as an antioxidant, is known to scavenge such reactive oxygen species as hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides. Indirectly, supraphysiological levels of pyruvate may increase cellular reduced glutathione. |
| Pharmacodynamics | Pyruvic acid or pyruvate is a key intermediate in the glycolytic and pyruvate dehydrogenase pathways, which are involved in biological energy production. Pyruvate is widely found in living organisms. It is not an essential nutrient since it can be synthesized in the cells of the body. Certain fruits and vegetables are rich in pyruvate. For example, an average-size red apple contains approximately 450 milligrams. Dark beer and red wine are also rich sources of pyruvate. Recent research suggests that pyruvate in high concentrations may have a role in cardiovascular therapy, as an inotropic agent. Supplements of this dietary substance may also have bariatric and ergogenic applications. |
Targets
| Target | Organism | Actions |
|---|---|---|
| Monocarboxylate transporter 4 | Humans | |
| Monocarboxylate transporter 8 | Humans | |
| Alanine--glyoxylate aminotransferase 2, mitochondrial | Humans |
ADME / PK
| Absorption | Pyruvate is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract from whence it is transported to the liver via the portal circulation. |
|---|---|
| Metabolism | In the liver, pyruvate is metabolized via several pathways. |
Formulation & handling
- Pyruvic acid is a small molecule alpha-keto acid available as a liquid solution suitable for extracorporeal administration.
- Due to its high water solubility and low LogP, formulation efforts should focus on maintaining solution stability and preventing degradation.
- Handling considerations include protection from excessive heat and light to preserve compound integrity during storage and use.
Regulatory status
| Lifecycle | The active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) has reached patent expiry in the US, allowing for generic entry and increased market competition. The product is currently in the mature phase of its lifecycle within this market. |
|---|
| Markets | US |
|---|
Supply Chain
| Supply chain summary | The supply landscape for Pyruvic acid includes originator companies responsible for the branded product Rejuvesol, primarily present in the US market. The existing patent status suggests limited generic competition currently, though potential patent expiry could open opportunities for generic manufacturers in the future. There is limited information on presence in EU or other markets. |
|---|
Safety
| Toxicity | Those taking large doses of supplemental pyruvate—usually greater than 5 grams daily—have reported gastrointestinal symptoms, including abdominal discomfort and bloating, gas and diarrhea. One child receiving pyruvate intravenously for restrictive cardiomyopathy died. |
|---|
- High oral doses (›5 g daily) may induce gastrointestinal disturbances such as abdominal discomfort, bloating, gas, and diarrhea
- Parenteral administration carries increased risk and requires strict medical supervision due to reported fatality in pediatric intravenous use
- Appropriate handling protocols should minimize exposure and ensure accurate dosing to avoid adverse effects
Pyruvic acid is a type of Dermatics
Dermatics is a prominent subcategory within the pharmaceutical Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) sector. It focuses on the development and production of APIs specifically designed for dermatological applications. These APIs play a crucial role in the formulation of various pharmaceutical products used in the treatment of skin disorders, including creams, ointments, gels, and lotions.
Dermatics APIs are meticulously developed to address specific dermatological conditions such as acne, psoriasis, eczema, fungal infections, and other related ailments. The APIs used in these formulations are carefully selected for their therapeutic efficacy, safety, and compatibility with the skin.
Manufacturers of Dermatics APIs employ rigorous quality control measures to ensure the purity, potency, and stability of their products. These APIs undergo extensive testing to meet stringent regulatory standards and pharmacopoeial guidelines. Additionally, the production processes adhere to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) to guarantee consistent quality and minimize the risk of contamination.
With the increasing demand for advanced dermatological treatments, Dermatics APIs are subject to continuous research and development. Newer APIs are being explored to enhance efficacy, minimize side effects, and improve patient compliance. The field of Dermatics APIs is characterized by innovation, as researchers strive to develop novel compounds and delivery systems that address unmet therapeutic needs.
In summary, Dermatics APIs are a vital component of pharmaceutical formulations used in the treatment of skin disorders. They undergo stringent quality control measures and are constantly evolving to provide effective and safe dermatological solutions.
Pyruvic acid (Dermatics), classified under Dermatological Agents
Dermatological agents are a vital category of pharmaceutical active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) used in the formulation of various skincare and dermatology products. These APIs are specifically designed to target and treat skin conditions, offering effective solutions for a wide range of dermatological concerns.
Dermatological agents encompass a diverse array of compounds, including corticosteroids, antifungal agents, antibacterials, retinoids, and immunomodulators. Each API within this category possesses unique properties and mechanisms of action, enabling them to address specific skin-related issues.
Corticosteroids, for instance, are potent anti-inflammatory agents commonly used in the treatment of skin conditions like eczema, psoriasis, and dermatitis. Antifungal agents, on the other hand, combat fungal infections such as athlete's foot or ringworm. Antibacterials are effective against bacterial infections, while retinoids promote skin cell turnover and treat acne and photoaging. Immunomodulators regulate the immune response, providing relief from conditions like atopic dermatitis.
The development and application of dermatological APIs involve rigorous research, clinical trials, and regulatory compliance. These APIs are typically integrated into topical creams, ointments, gels, and lotions, ensuring targeted delivery to the affected areas of the skin.
Dermatological agents play a crucial role in the management and treatment of various skin disorders. By harnessing the therapeutic properties of these APIs, pharmaceutical companies can develop innovative skincare products that cater to the diverse needs of individuals seeking effective dermatological solutions.
