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Thiamine | CAS No: 70-16-6 | GMP-certified suppliers
A medication that addresses thiamine deficiency–related disorders, including Wernicke‑Korsakoff syndrome, alcoholic psychosis, delirium, and peripheral neuritis, supporting broad nutritional deficiency management.
Therapeutic categories
Primary indications
- For the treatment of thiamine and niacin deficiency states, Korsakov's alcoholic psychosis, Wernicke-Korsakov syndrome, delirium, and peripheral neuritis
Product Snapshot
- Thiamine is an oral and parenteral small‑molecule vitamin available in multiple solid and liquid formulations
- It is used for thiamine deficiency states and related neurologic presentations such as Wernicke‑Korsakoff–related conditions and peripheral neuritis
- It is marketed in the US and Canada with approved, investigational, nutraceutical, and veterinary statuses depending on presentation
Clinical Overview
Pharmacologically, thiamine supports oxidative metabolism within mitochondria, enabling conversion of carbohydrates and fats into usable energy. Its actions extend to antioxidant activity and modulation of erythropoiesis, cognition, and mood. Deficiency leads to selective neuronal vulnerability, as demonstrated in animal models where increased oxidative stress contributes to neurodegeneration. Thiamine has been shown to counter hyperglycemia‑induced endothelial dysfunction by limiting abnormal cellular proliferation.
The mechanism of action involves conversion of thiamine to its active phosphorylated forms, primarily thiamine diphosphate, which functions as an essential coenzyme in glycolytic and oxidative decarboxylation pathways. Additional derivatives such as thiamine monophosphate, thiamine triphosphate, and adenosine thiamine triphosphate have documented biological roles. Thiamine may reduce intracellular protein glycation by redirecting glycolytic flux, contributing to its effects on endothelial and smooth muscle cell behavior.
Absorption occurs in the small intestine through carrier‑mediated transport at nutritional doses and passive diffusion at higher doses. The vitamin is not significantly stored but is concentrated transiently in muscle tissue. Renal elimination predominates, and excess intake is generally excreted unchanged. Toxicity is uncommon due to rapid clearance, though parenteral administration requires monitoring for rare hypersensitivity reactions.
Thiamine is widely included in oral vitamin B complex products and parenteral nutritional formulations. In some regions it is available as standalone thiamine hydrochloride or thiamine mononitrate preparations.
For API procurement, attention should focus on stability, given thiamine’s heat‑induced degradation, and on verifying compliance with pharmacopeial specifications and impurity controls to ensure suitability for oral or parenteral formulation.
Identification & chemistry
| Generic name | Thiamine |
|---|---|
| Molecule type | Small molecule |
| CAS | 70-16-6 |
| UNII | 4ABT0J945J |
| DrugBank ID | DB00152 |
Pharmacology
| Summary | Thiamine exerts its effects by supporting glucose metabolism through its phosphorylated derivatives, which function as essential coenzymes and help reduce intracellular protein glycation in endothelial cells. Its pharmacology includes roles in antioxidant defense, neuronal protection from oxidative stress, and modulation of endothelial and smooth muscle cell responses under hyperglycemic conditions. Thiamine pyrophosphokinase 1 is a key target involved in generating its active coenzyme forms. |
|---|---|
| Mechanism of action | It is thought that the mechanism of action of thiamine on endothelial cells is related to a reduction in intracellular protein glycation by redirecting the glycolytic flux. Thiamine is mainly the transport form of the vitamin, while the active forms are phosphorylated thiamine derivatives. Natural derivatives of thiamine phosphate, such as thiamine monophosphate (ThMP), thiamine diphosphate (ThDP), also sometimes called thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), thiamine triphosphate (ThTP), and thiamine triphosphate (AThTP), that act as coenzymes in addition to their each unique biological functions. |
| Pharmacodynamics | Thiamine is a vitamin with antioxidant, erythropoietic, cognition-and mood-modulatory, antiatherosclerotic, putative ergogenic, and detoxification activities. Thiamine has been found to protect against lead-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver and kidney. Thiamine deficiency results in selective neuronal death in animal models. The neuronal death is associated with increased free radical production, suggesting that oxidative stress may play an important early role in brain damage associated with thiamine deficiency. Thiamine plays a key role in intracellular glucose metabolism and it is thought that thiamine inhibits the effect of glucose and insulin on arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation. Inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation may also promote atherosclerosis. Endothelial cells in culture have been found to have a decreased proliferative rate and delayed migration in response to hyperglycemic conditions. Thiamine has been shown to inhibit this effect of glucose on endothelial cells. |
Targets
| Target | Organism | Actions |
|---|---|---|
| Thiamin pyrophosphokinase 1 | Humans | substrate |
ADME / PK
| Absorption | Absorbed mainly from duodenum, by both active and passive processes |
|---|---|
| Protein binding | 90-94% |
| Metabolism | Hepatic |
Formulation & handling
- Oral formulations typically require solubilizers or salt forms due to the API’s very low aqueous solubility and hydrophilic, low‑logP profile.
- Parenteral products are commonly supplied as solutions or reconstituted powders, with attention to pH control to maintain chemical stability and prevent precipitation.
- The small‑molecule vitamin structure is generally stable in solid state but can degrade in aqueous media, necessitating protection from light and oxidative conditions during manufacturing and storage.
Regulatory status
| Lifecycle | Patent protection in Canada and the US is approaching/at expiry, indicating the product is transitioning into a mature phase in both markets. As generic entry increases, the API is expected to follow a stable, post‑exclusivity lifecycle profile. |
|---|
| Markets | Canada, US |
|---|
Supply Chain
| Supply chain summary | Thiamine is an established vitamin product with no active patent protection, and manufacturing is distributed across numerous companies rather than a single originator, indicating a fully genericized market. The large number of manufacturers and packagers supplying mainly the US and Canadian markets reflects broad availability and mature production. With longstanding patent expiry, generic competition is already fully present. |
|---|
Safety
| Toxicity | Thiamine toxicity is uncommon; as excesses are readily excreted, although long-term supplementation of amounts larger than 3 gram have been known to cause toxicity. Oral mouse LD<sub>50</sub> = 8224 mg/kg, oral rat LD<sub>50</sub> = 3710 mg/kg. |
|---|
- Thiamine exhibits low acute oral toxicity
- Reported LD50 values are 8224 mg/kg in mice and 3710 mg/kg in rats, indicating a wide safety margin under typical laboratory handling
- High-dose exposure, particularly prolonged intake above gram‑level quantities, has been associated with rare toxicity findings and should be considered in bulk‑material risk assessments
Thiamine is a type of Vitamins
Vitamins are an essential subcategory of pharmaceutical Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) that play a crucial role in maintaining optimal health and well-being. These organic compounds are required in small quantities by the human body to support various metabolic processes and ensure proper functioning of bodily systems. Vitamins can be broadly classified into two groups: fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K) and water-soluble vitamins (including vitamin C and B-complex vitamins). Each vitamin has a specific role and function within the body.
Pharmaceutical APIs in the vitamin subcategory are carefully synthesized or extracted to meet stringent quality standards and ensure purity, efficacy, and safety. They are used as active ingredients in the formulation of various pharmaceutical products, including dietary supplements, fortified foods, and pharmaceutical formulations.
Vitamin APIs are commonly utilized in the pharmaceutical industry for their therapeutic benefits. For instance, vitamin D API is widely prescribed to treat deficiencies and maintain optimal bone health, while vitamin C API is utilized for its antioxidant properties and immune-boosting effects. B-complex vitamins, such as vitamin B12 API, are essential for energy production and nerve function.
Overall, vitamins are integral to maintaining good health, and pharmaceutical APIs in this subcategory play a vital role in providing these essential nutrients to individuals through various pharmaceutical and dietary applications.
Thiamine (Vitamins), classified under Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolyte
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes: A Comprehensive Technical DescriptionTherapeutic nutrients, minerals, and electrolytes are a vital category of pharmaceutical active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) used to support and enhance overall health and well-being. These compounds play a crucial role in maintaining the body's physiological balance, aiding in various metabolic processes, and addressing specific deficiencies.
Therapeutic nutrients encompass a broad range of substances, including vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes. Vitamins are organic compounds required in small quantities for proper bodily functions and are essential for growth, development, and disease prevention. Minerals, on the other hand, are inorganic substances that support numerous physiological processes, such as bone formation, nerve function, and energy production.
Electrolytes are minerals that carry an electric charge when dissolved in bodily fluids, including sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride. They play a crucial role in maintaining proper hydration, nerve impulses, muscle contractions, and pH balance.
Pharmaceutical APIs in the Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolyte category are designed to address specific deficiencies or imbalances in the body. These APIs are often used in the formulation of dietary supplements, nutritional products, and therapeutic treatments. They are manufactured under stringent quality control guidelines to ensure purity, potency, and bioavailability.
Therapeutic nutrients/minerals/electrolytes APIs are available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, powders, and liquid formulations. They are formulated to meet specific dosage requirements and can be combined with other ingredients for targeted health benefits.
Overall, therapeutic nutrients, minerals, and electrolytes APIs are essential components in maintaining optimal health. Their use helps address deficiencies, support bodily functions, and promote overall well-being. Pharmaceutical companies and healthcare professionals rely on these high-quality APIs to develop effective and safe products that contribute to a healthier population.
Thiamine API manufacturers & distributors
Compare qualified Thiamine API suppliers worldwide. We currently have 8 companies offering Thiamine API, with manufacturing taking place in 3 different countries. Use the table below to review supplier type, countries of origin, certifications, product portfolio and GMP audit availability.
| Supplier | Type | Country | Product origin | Certifications | Portfolio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arshine Pharmaceutical Co... | Distributor | China | China | BSE/TSE, CEP, CoA, FDA, GMP, MSDS, USDMF | 176 products |
| Aurora Industry Co., Ltd | Distributor | China | China | BSE/TSE, CoA, ISO9001, MSDS, WC | 250 products |
| Biophore India | Producer | India | India | CoA, USDMF | 46 products |
| Chemizo Enterprise | Distributor | India | India | CoA | 19 products |
| Chr. Olesen Group | Distributor | Denmark | China | CEP, CoA, GMP, MSDS, USDMF | 252 products |
| Global Pharma Tek | Distributor | India | India | BSE/TSE, CoA, FDA, GMP, ISO9001, MSDS | 484 products |
| Prachi Pharmaceuticals | Producer | India | India | CoA | 12 products |
| Rochem International, Inc... | Distributor | United States | United States | BSE/TSE, CoA, GMP, ISO9001, MSDS, USDMF | 144 products |
When sending a request, specify which Thiamine API quality you need: for example EP (Ph. Eur.), USP, JP, BP, or another pharmacopoeial standard, as well as the required grade (base, salt, micronised, specific purity, etc.).
Use the list above to find high-quality Thiamine API suppliers. For example, you can select GMP, FDA or ISO certified suppliers. Visit our help page to learn more about sourcing APIs via Pharmaoffer.
Frequently asked questions about Thiamine API
Sourcing
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Technical
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Regulatory
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Pharmaoffer
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