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Dopamine | CAS No: 51-61-6 | GMP-certified suppliers
A medication that supports hemodynamic stability in shock states from myocardial infarction, trauma, sepsis, surgery, renal failure, and chronic cardiac decompensation by enhancing cardiac function.
Therapeutic categories
Primary indications
- For the correction of hemodynamic imbalances present in the shock syndrome due to myocardial infarction, trauma, endotoxic septicemia, open-heart surgery, renal failure, and chronic cardiac decompensation as in congestive failure
Product Snapshot
- Dopamine is supplied as an injectable solution and concentrate for intravenous administration
- It is primarily used to correct hemodynamic imbalances associated with shock syndrome caused by conditions such as myocardial infarction, trauma, septicemia, surgery, renal failure, and chronic cardiac decompensation
- Dopamine is approved for use in key regulatory markets including the US and Canada
Clinical Overview
Clinically, dopamine is indicated for the correction of hemodynamic imbalances associated with shock states arising from myocardial infarction, trauma, endotoxic septicemia, open-heart surgery, renal failure, and chronic cardiac decompensation such as congestive heart failure. Its pharmacodynamic profile encompasses positive chronotropic and inotropic effects on the myocardium, which translate into increased heart rate and enhanced cardiac contractility. These effects derive from direct agonism at beta-adrenergic receptors as well as indirect facilitation of norepinephrine release from sympathetic nerve terminals.
Mechanistically, dopamine acts via activation of dopamine receptors in the central nervous system and stimulates adrenergic receptors in peripheral tissues. In cardiac tissue, beta-1 adrenergic receptor stimulation is predominant, while dopaminergic receptor subtypes modulate neuronal signaling pathways in the brain. The molecule also influences renal perfusion and vascular tone through its receptor-mediated actions.
Pharmacokinetically, dopamine undergoes rapid metabolism by monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), leading to a short half-life and necessitating intravenous administration for therapeutic use. Renal excretion constitutes the primary elimination route. Safety considerations include its potential to induce tachycardia, arrhythmias, hypertension, and peripheral vasoconstriction, which warrant close hemodynamic monitoring during administration. Dopamine use is contraindicated in certain cases of pheochromocytoma and uncorrected tachyarrhythmias.
Dopamine is categorized among adrenergic and dopaminergic agents and is included in formularies under various generic and branded injectable preparations. When sourcing dopamine API, attention must be given to chemical purity, stability under ambient conditions, and compliance with pharmacopeial standards for catecholamine-based compounds. Reliable suppliers should provide full documentation of manufacturing processes, impurity profiles, and appropriate analytical characterization to ensure consistent pharmaceutical quality.
Identification & chemistry
| Generic name | Dopamine |
|---|---|
| Molecule type | Small molecule |
| CAS | 51-61-6 |
| UNII | VTD58H1Z2X |
| DrugBank ID | DB00988 |
Pharmacology
| Summary | Dopamine is an endogenous catecholamine that functions as a neurotransmitter and precursor to norepinephrine. It exerts positive chronotropic and inotropic effects by activating beta-adrenoceptors and promoting norepinephrine release, thereby enhancing cardiac output. Dopamine also acts on multiple dopamine receptor subtypes (D1-D5) in the central nervous system, modulating diverse neurophysiological processes. |
|---|---|
| Mechanism of action | Dopamine is a precursor to norepinephrine in noradrenergic nerves and is also a neurotransmitter in certain areas of the central nervous system. Dopamine produces positive chronotropic and inotropic effects on the myocardium, resulting in increased heart rate and cardiac contractility. This is accomplished directly by exerting an agonist action on beta-adrenoceptors and indirectly by causing release of norepinephrine from storage sites in sympathetic nerve endings. In the brain, dopamine acts as an agonist to the five dopamine receptor subtypes (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5). |
| Pharmacodynamics | Dopamine is a natural catecholamine formed by the decarboxylation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). It is a precursor to norepinephrine in noradrenergic nerves and is also a neurotransmitter in certain areas of the central nervous system, especially in the nigrostriatal tract, and in a few peripheral sympathetic nerves. Dopamine produces positive chronotropic and inotropic effects on the myocardium, resulting in increased heart rate and cardiac contractility. This is accomplished directly by exerting an agonist action on beta-adrenoceptors and indirectly by causing release of norepinephrine from storage sites in sympathetic nerve endings. |
Targets
| Target | Organism | Actions |
|---|---|---|
| Dopamine D2 receptor | Humans | agonist |
| Dopamine D1 receptor | Humans | agonist |
| Dopamine D5 receptor | Humans | agonist |
ADME / PK
| Absorption | Dopamine is rapidly absorbed from the small intestine. |
|---|---|
| Half-life | 2 minutes |
| Protein binding | No information currently available on protein binding. |
| Metabolism | Biotransformation of dopamine proceeds rapidly to yield the principal excretion products, 3-4-dihydroxy-phenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid (homovanillic acid, HVA). |
| Route of elimination | It has been reported that about 80% of the drug is excreted in the urine within 24 hours, primarily as HVA and its sulfate and glucuronide conjugates and as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. A very small portion is excreted unchanged. |
Formulation & handling
- Dopamine is a small molecule catecholamine primarily formulated for intravenous injection or parenteral use.
- The compound exhibits high water solubility, facilitating its preparation in concentrated aqueous solutions for injection.
- Handling precautions should consider dopamine's susceptibility to oxidation, requiring protection from light and storage under appropriate conditions to maintain stability.
Regulatory status
| Lifecycle | The active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is available in the US and Canadian markets, with patent protection expired as of , allowing for generic competition and established market presence. Product availability reflects a mature lifecycle stage in both regions. |
|---|
| Markets | US, Canada |
|---|
Supply Chain
| Supply chain summary | The dopamine supply landscape involves multiple originator manufacturers including large pharmaceutical and healthcare companies, indicating a diversified production base. Branded dopamine products are primarily marketed in North America, specifically the US and Canada. Patent expiry status is not specified, but given the presence of multiple manufacturers and generic names, there is likely existing generic competition in this sector. |
|---|
Safety
| Toxicity | LD<sub>50</sub> oral mice = 1460 mg/kg, LD<sub>50</sub> oral rats = 1780 mg/kg. Spasm or closing of eyelids, nausea, vomiting, cardiac arrhythmias, involuntary movements of the body including the face, tongue, arms, hand, head, and upper body; hypotension, haemolytic anaemia, urinary retention, duodenal ulcer, sialorrhea, ataxia, abdominal pain, dry mouth, nightmares, tachypnoea, bruxism, confusion, and insomnia. |
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- Handle with appropriate protective equipment to avoid exposure due to potential systemic toxicity, including hematologic and neurological effects
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Dopamine is a type of Adrenergic agents
Adrenergic agents are a subcategory of pharmaceutical active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) that target the adrenergic system in the body. This system is responsible for regulating various physiological responses, including heart rate, blood pressure, and smooth muscle contraction.
Adrenergic agents can be further divided into two main groups: adrenergic agonists and adrenergic antagonists. Adrenergic agonists stimulate the adrenergic receptors, leading to an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity. This can result in effects such as vasoconstriction, bronchodilation, and increased heart rate. Adrenergic agonists are commonly used in the treatment of conditions such as asthma, hypotension, and cardiac arrest.
On the other hand, adrenergic antagonists block the adrenergic receptors, thereby inhibiting the effects of sympathetic nervous system activation. These agents are often employed to lower blood pressure, treat certain heart conditions, and manage symptoms associated with conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia. Adrenergic antagonists can be further classified into alpha-adrenergic antagonists and beta-adrenergic antagonists, based on their selectivity for different adrenergic receptor subtypes.
Pharmaceutical companies extensively utilize adrenergic agents as key components in the development of various medications. Adrenergic APIs offer targeted effects on the adrenergic system, allowing for precise modulation of physiological responses. The understanding of adrenergic agents and their mechanisms of action is vital for the design and optimization of drugs used in the treatment of numerous medical conditions. Researchers and scientists continue to explore and innovate within this subcategory to develop new adrenergic agents with enhanced efficacy and fewer side effects, ultimately improving patient outcomes.
Dopamine (Adrenergic agents), classified under Central Nervous System Agents
Central Nervous System (CNS) Agents are a crucial category of pharmaceutical Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) that specifically target the central nervous system. The CNS encompasses the brain and spinal cord, playing a vital role in regulating and controlling various bodily functions, including cognition, movement, emotions, and sensory perception. These agents are designed to interact with specific receptors, enzymes, or ion channels within the CNS to modulate neural activity and restore normal functioning.
CNS agents comprise a diverse range of pharmaceutical APIs, including analgesics, anesthetics, antipsychotics, sedatives, hypnotics, anti-epileptics, and antidepressants. Each subcategory addresses distinct neurological disorders and conditions. For instance, analgesics alleviate pain by targeting receptors in the brain and spinal cord, while antipsychotics are employed to manage psychosis symptoms in mental illnesses such as schizophrenia.
The development of CNS agents involves rigorous research, molecular modeling, and extensive clinical trials to ensure safety, efficacy, and specific target engagement. Pharmaceutical companies invest significant resources in identifying novel drug targets, synthesizing new compounds, and optimizing their pharmacological properties. These agents undergo rigorous regulatory evaluations and must adhere to stringent quality standards and guidelines.
Given the prevalence of CNS disorders globally, the market demand for effective CNS agents is substantial. The development of innovative CNS APIs not only improves patient outcomes but also provides valuable commercial opportunities for pharmaceutical companies. Continued advancements in CNS agent research and development hold the promise of groundbreaking therapies that can improve the quality of life for individuals affected by neurological conditions.
Dopamine API manufacturers & distributors
Compare qualified Dopamine API suppliers worldwide. We currently have 3 companies offering Dopamine API, with manufacturing taking place in 3 different countries. Use the table below to review supplier type, countries of origin, certifications, product portfolio and GMP audit availability.
| Supplier | Type | Country | Product origin | Certifications | Portfolio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Katsura Chemical | Producer | Japan | Japan | CoA, JDMF | 7 products |
| Kyowa Pharma Chem. | Producer | Japan | Unknown | CoA, JDMF | 12 products |
| Recordati S.p.A. | Producer | Italy | Italy | CoA, USDMF | 18 products |
When sending a request, specify which Dopamine API quality you need: for example EP (Ph. Eur.), USP, JP, BP, or another pharmacopoeial standard, as well as the required grade (base, salt, micronised, specific purity, etc.).
Use the list above to find high-quality Dopamine API suppliers. For example, you can select GMP, FDA or ISO certified suppliers. Visit our help page to learn more about sourcing APIs via Pharmaoffer.
