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Streptomycin | CAS No: 57-92-1 | GMP-certified suppliers
A medication that treats multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and various severe bacterial infections, requiring careful quality control due to its narrow therapeutic index and toxicity risks.
Therapeutic categories
Primary indications
- Although streptomycin was the first antibiotic available for the treatment of mycobacterium tuberculosis, it is now largely a second line option due to resistance and toxicity
- Streptomycin may also be used to treat a variety of other infections caused by susceptible strains of aerobic bacteria where other less toxic agents are ineffective
- Examples include: _Yersinia pestis_, _Francisella tularensis_, _Brucella_, _Calymmatobacterium granulomatis_ (donovanosis, granuloma inguinale), _H
- Ducreyi_ (chancroid), _H
Product Snapshot
- Streptomycin is available as an injectable solution and oral formulations including capsules and syrup, suitable for intramuscular, oral, and parenteral administration
- It is primarily used to treat infections caused by susceptible strains of aerobic bacteria, including tuberculosis, plague, tularemia, brucellosis, and various respiratory, urinary, and systemic bacterial infections
- Streptomycin is approved for use in the US and Canada, with regulatory status confirmed for human and veterinary applications
Clinical Overview
Pharmacologically, streptomycin belongs to the aminocyclitol glycoside class, characterized by a 2-deoxystreptamine core glycosidically linked to carbohydrate moieties. Its antibacterial activity is concentration-dependent and mediated through disruption of protein synthesis and bacterial membrane integrity. The mechanism of action involves an initial ionic binding phase where the positively charged aminoglycoside interacts with negatively charged bacterial membrane components, increasing permeability. Subsequently, energy-dependent phases enable entry to the cytoplasm where streptomycin binds to the 16S rRNA within the 30S ribosomal subunit, interfering with codon-anticodon recognition and promoting miscoding. This leads to mistranslation of proteins, impaired protein synthesis, and ultimately bacterial cell death. The dual action includes immediate membrane damage and delayed inhibition of translation.
Streptomycin exhibits activity against susceptible strains of aerobic Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria, including pathogens responsible for plague (Yersinia pestis), tularemia (Francisella tularensis), brucellosis, chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi), and specific respiratory and urinary tract infections. It is commonly used in combination therapies due to its toxicity profile and limited spectrum caused by resistance.
Pharmacokinetics show that streptomycin is predominantly eliminated unchanged via renal excretion, with minimal metabolism. It demonstrates limited oral bioavailability and is typically administered parenterally. The drug exhibits a narrow therapeutic index and dose-related toxicities, most notably nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Monitoring of renal function, auditory acuity, and vestibular function is critical to minimize irreversible damage. Rare neuromuscular blockade has also been reported.
Streptomycin is listed among approved antibacterial agents for systemic use and antimycobacterial drugs, including veterinary applications. When sourcing streptomycin API, quality control must rigorously ensure absence of contaminants and consistent potency due to its narrow therapeutic window and potential for severe toxicity. Compliance with pharmacopeial standards and confirmation of identity, purity, and endotoxin levels are essential to maintain safety and efficacy in final formulations.
Identification & chemistry
| Generic name | Streptomycin |
|---|---|
| Molecule type | Small molecule |
| CAS | 57-92-1 |
| UNII | Y45QSO73OB |
| DrugBank ID | DB01082 |
Pharmacology
| Summary | Streptomycin exerts bactericidal effects through a multi-phase mechanism involving initial electrostatic binding to bacterial membranes, followed by energy-dependent intracellular uptake targeting the 30S ribosomal subunit. It inhibits protein synthesis by binding 16S and 23S rRNA, inducing mistranslation and membrane disruption. The drug primarily targets aerobic bacteria and demonstrates activity against select Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains, with a narrow therapeutic index due to nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity risks. |
|---|---|
| Mechanism of action | There are 3 key phases of aminoglycoside entry into cells. The first “ionic binding phase” occurs when polycationic aminoglycosides bind electrostatically to negatively charged components of bacterial cell membranes including with lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids within the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and to teichoic acids and phospholipids within the cell membrane of Gram-positive bacteria. This binding results in displacement of divalent cations and increased membrane permeability, allowing for aminoglycoside entry.[A232294, A232304, A232309, A232314] The second “energy-dependent phase I” of aminoglycoside entry into the cytoplasm relies on the proton-motive force and allows a limited amount of aminoglycoside access to its primary intracellular target - the bacterial 30S ribosome.[A232294, A232314] This ultimately results in the mistranslation of proteins and disruption of the cytoplasmic membrane. Finally, in the “energy-dependent phase II” stage, concentration-dependent bacterial killing is observed. Aminoglycoside rapidly accumulates in the cell due to the damaged cytoplasmic membrane, and protein mistranslation and synthesis inhibition is amplified.[A232294, A232314, A232319] Hence, aminoglycosides have both immediate bactericidal effects through membrane disruption and delayed bactericidal effects through impaired protein synthesis; observed experimental data and mathematical modeling support this two-mechanism model.[A232294, A232299] Inhibition of protein synthesis is a key component of aminoglycoside efficacy. Structural and cell biological studies suggest that aminoglycosides bind to the 16S rRNA in helix 44 (h44), near the A site of the 30S ribosomal subunit, altering interactions between h44 and h45. This binding also displaces two important residues, A1492 and A1493, from h44, mimicking normal conformational changes that occur with successful codon-anticodon pairing in the A site.[A232324, A232329] Overall, aminoglycoside binding has several negative effects including inhibition of translation, initiation, elongation, and ribosome recycling.[A232294, A232334, A232339] Recent evidence suggests that the latter effect is due to a cryptic second binding site situated in h69 of the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit.[A232329, A232339] Also, by stabilizing a conformation that mimics correct codon-anticodon pairing, aminoglycosides promote error-prone translation. Mistranslated proteins can incorporate into the cell membrane, inducing the damage discussed above.[A232294, A232319] |
| Pharmacodynamics | Although streptomycin originally had broad gram-negative and gram-positive coverage, its spectrum of activity has been significantly narrowed due to antibiotic resistance. Streptomycins current spectrum of activity includes susceptible strains of Yersinia pestis, Francisella tularensis, Brucella, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, H. ducreyi, H. influenza, K. pneumoniae pneumonia, E.coli, Proteus, A. aerogenes, K. pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus viridans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Gram-negative bacillary bacteremia. Streptomycin is not reliably active against pseudomonas aeruginosa. Similar to other aminoglycosides, streptomycin is considered to have a narrow therapeutic index. Characteristic toxicities of streptomycin include nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Patients should be carefully monitored for early signs of hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction in order to prevent permanent damage to sensorineural cells. Neuromuscular blockade has also been rarely reported. |
Targets
| Target | Organism | Actions |
|---|---|---|
| 16S ribosomal RNA | Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria | inhibitor |
| 23S ribosomal RNA | Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria | inhibitor |
| 30S ribosomal protein S12 | Escherichia coli (strain K12) | inhibitor |
ADME / PK
| Absorption | Due to poor oral absorption, aminoglycosides including streptomycin are administered parenterally. Streptomycin is available as an intramuscular injection, and in some cases may be administered intravenously. A peak serum concentration of 25-50 mcg/mL is achieved within 1 hour after intramuscular administration of 1 gram of streptomycin. |
|---|---|
| Half-life | Streptomycins serum half-life is estimated to be 2.5 hours. |
| Route of elimination | Approximately 50% of streptomycin is eliminated in the urine within 24 hours after intravenous or intramuscular administration. |
Formulation & handling
- Streptomycin is a small molecule aminoglycoside available for both oral and intramuscular parenteral administration.
- It is highly water-soluble with a low logP, indicating hydrophilic properties suitable for injection formulations.
- Lyophilized powder forms require reconstitution prior to intramuscular injection, necessitating proper handling to maintain stability.
Regulatory status
| Lifecycle | The API’s primary patents have expired in the US and Canada, leading to established generic product availability and increased market competition. The lifecycle is currently in a mature phase with widespread market penetration. |
|---|
| Markets | US, Canada |
|---|
Supply Chain
| Supply chain summary | The streptomycin supply chain includes multiple packagers such as Ben Venue Laboratories Inc., Gallipot, Sanofi-Aventis Inc., and X-Gen Pharmaceuticals, indicating several originator and established manufacturers. Branded products are primarily available in the US and Canadian markets, with formulations focused on injectable forms. Patent expiration status suggests that generic competition is either present or likely, supporting broader market access. |
|---|
Safety
| Toxicity | The most common symptoms of streptomycin overdose are ototoxicity and vestibular impairment. Streptomycin is also associated with nephrotoxicity which presents as mild elevations in blood urea, mild proteinuria, and excess cellular excretion. While in severe cases, streptomycin may lead to permanent hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction, any associated nephrotoxicity is typically transient. In cases of toxicity, streptomycin serum concentrations may be lowered with dialysis. |
|---|
- 1
- Streptomycin exposure may result in ototoxicity and vestibular impairment, with risk of permanent hearing loss in severe toxicity cases
- 2
Streptomycin is a type of Aminoglycosides
Aminoglycosides are a subcategory of pharmaceutical active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) that play a crucial role in combating bacterial infections. These powerful antibiotics are primarily used to treat severe infections caused by gram-negative bacteria. Aminoglycosides are characterized by their unique chemical structure, consisting of amino sugars and a glycosidic bond.
These antibiotics exert their therapeutic effects by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, leading to the disruption of essential cellular functions in the bacteria. This mechanism of action makes aminoglycosides highly effective against a wide range of bacteria, including those that have developed resistance to other classes of antibiotics.
Key examples of aminoglycosides include gentamicin, amikacin, and tobramycin. These drugs are typically administered intravenously or intramuscularly to ensure optimal absorption and distribution throughout the body. Due to their limited oral bioavailability, aminoglycosides are not commonly administered orally.
Although aminoglycosides possess potent antimicrobial properties, they are associated with some potential adverse effects, including nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Regular monitoring of kidney function and therapeutic drug monitoring are often recommended during aminoglycoside therapy to minimize the risk of these complications.
In summary, aminoglycosides are an important subcategory of pharmaceutical APIs that have significant therapeutic value in the treatment of severe bacterial infections. Their unique mechanism of action and broad spectrum of activity make them valuable tools in the fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Streptomycin (Aminoglycosides), classified under Antibacterials
Antibacterials, a category of pharmaceutical active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), play a crucial role in combating bacterial infections. These APIs are chemical compounds that target and inhibit the growth or kill bacteria, helping to eliminate harmful bacterial pathogens from the body.
Antibacterials are essential for the treatment of various bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, and more. They are commonly prescribed by healthcare professionals to combat both mild and severe bacterial infections.
Within the category of antibacterials, there are different classes and subclasses of APIs, each with distinct mechanisms of action and target bacteria. Some commonly used antibacterials include penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones. These APIs work by interfering with various aspects of bacterial cellular processes, such as cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, DNA replication, or enzyme activity.
The development and production of antibacterial APIs require stringent quality control measures to ensure their safety, efficacy, and purity. Pharmaceutical manufacturers must adhere to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and follow rigorous testing protocols to guarantee the quality and consistency of these APIs.
As bacterial resistance to antibiotics continues to be a significant concern, ongoing research and development efforts aim to discover and develop new antibacterial APIs. The evolution of antibacterials plays a crucial role in combating emerging bacterial strains and ensuring effective treatment options for infectious diseases.
In summary, antibacterials are a vital category of pharmaceutical APIs used to treat bacterial infections. They are designed to inhibit or kill bacteria, and their development requires strict adherence to quality control standards. By continually advancing research in this field, scientists and pharmaceutical companies can contribute to the ongoing battle against bacterial infections.
Streptomycin API manufacturers & distributors
Compare qualified Streptomycin API suppliers worldwide. We currently have 4 companies offering Streptomycin API, with manufacturing taking place in 1 different countries. Use the table below to review supplier type, countries of origin, certifications, product portfolio and GMP audit availability.
| Supplier | Type | Country | Product origin | Certifications | Portfolio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aurora Industry Co., Ltd | Distributor | China | China | BSE/TSE, CEP, CoA, GMP, ISO9001, MSDS, WC | 250 products |
| Changzhou Comwin Fine Che... | Producer | China | China | BSE/TSE, CoA, GMP, MSDS, USDMF | 235 products |
| Hebei Shengxue Dacheng | Producer | China | China | CEP, CoA, FDA, GMP, JDMF | 4 products |
| Sichuan Long March | Producer | China | China | CoA, USDMF | 3 products |
When sending a request, specify which Streptomycin API quality you need: for example EP (Ph. Eur.), USP, JP, BP, or another pharmacopoeial standard, as well as the required grade (base, salt, micronised, specific purity, etc.).
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