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- Immunomodulators
- Immunostimulants
- Adenosine monophosphate
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Adenosine phosphate | CAS No: 61-19-8 | GMP-certified suppliers
A medication that supports nutritional supplementation by correcting dietary shortages and imbalances while enhancing immune function through nucleotide-based supplementation.
Therapeutic categories
Primary indications
- For nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance
Product Snapshot
- Adenosine phosphate is supplied primarily as a nutraceutical formulation for oral administration
- Its main applications include nutritional supplementation and correction of dietary shortages or imbalances
- The substance holds various regulatory statuses including approved, investigational, nutraceutical, and withdrawn in different markets
Clinical Overview
Clinically, adenosine phosphate has been utilized primarily as a dietary supplement to address nutritional shortages or imbalances. It is also employed to support immune function and serve as a substitute sweetener in low-calorie diets. However, it is important to note that its previous regulatory approval as a vasodilator and anti-inflammatory agent was withdrawn by the FDA due to insufficient evidence of safety and efficacy for these indications.
Pharmacologically, AMP contributes to immune modulation by affecting T-cell maturation and function, enhancing natural killer cell activity, and modulating CD4+ Th1 lymphocyte responses. Experimental studies, including murine models, suggest that dietary nucleotides such as AMP can reverse malnutrition-related immunosuppression, improving both humoral and cellular immune responses. The precise molecular mechanism underlying these immune-enhancing effects remains incompletely understood.
Key pharmacokinetic parameters specific to AMP are not extensively documented in humans due to its endogenous presence and dietary role. As a nucleotide, it is subject to enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract and participates in nucleotide salvage pathways intracellularly.
Safety considerations involve its endogenous origin; however, the withdrawn status for certain clinical uses reflects regulatory caution regarding its systemic pharmacological effects. No significant toxicity data supports its use beyond nutritional supplementation. Current applications focus on nutraceutical contexts rather than therapeutic drug development.
For sourcing and quality control, pharmaceutical grade adenosine phosphate APIs must comply with rigorous purity specifications to ensure the absence of contaminants and consistent monophosphate isomer composition. The compound is classified within adenine nucleotides and nucleosides and requires manufacturing under controlled conditions adhering to relevant pharmacopeial standards. Reliable suppliers should provide full analytical characterization and certificates of analysis confirming identity, purity, and stability suitable for formulation and regulatory compliance.
Identification & chemistry
| Generic name | Adenosine phosphate |
|---|---|
| Molecule type | Small molecule |
| CAS | 61-19-8 |
| UNII | 415SHH325A |
| DrugBank ID | DB00131 |
Pharmacology
| Summary | Adenosine-5'-Monophosphate (AMP) is a nucleotide involved in modulating immune function by enhancing T-cell maturation, natural killer cell activity, and promoting Th1-type immune responses. Its pharmacodynamic effects include activation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase and regulation of intracellular signaling pathways related to energy metabolism and immune cell function. AMP is utilized primarily for nutritional supplementation to support immune competence in conditions of dietary deficiency. |
|---|---|
| Mechanism of action | Nucleotides such as Adenosine-5'-Monophosphate affect a number of immune functions, including the reversal of malnutrition and starvation-induced immunosuppression, the enhancement of T-cell maturation and function, the enhancement of natural killer cell activity, the improvement of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity, helping resistance to such infectious agents as Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, and finally the modulation of T-cell responses toward type 1 CD4 helper lymphocytes or Th1 cells. Studies have shown that mice fed a nucleotide-free diet have both impaired humoral and cellular immune responses. The addition of dietary nucleotides normalizes both types of responses. RNA, a delivery form of nucleotides, and ribonucleotides were used in these studies. The mechanism of the immune-enhancing activity of nucleic acids/nucleotides is not clear. |
| Pharmacodynamics | Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5'-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. AMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. AMP is used as a dietary supplement to boost immune activity, and is also used as a substitute sweetener to aid in the maintenance of a low-calorie diet. |
Targets
| Target | Organism | Actions |
|---|---|---|
| 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase | Humans | activator |
| Adenosine kinase | Humans | product of |
| 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-1 | Humans | activator |
Formulation & handling
- Adenosine phosphate is a small molecule nucleotide suitable for oral and parenteral formulations given its hydrophilicity.
- Its low LogP value indicates high aqueous solubility, facilitating incorporation into aqueous-based formulations.
- Stability considerations should include protection from enzymatic degradation and hydrolysis under physiological conditions.
Regulatory status
Supply Chain
| Supply chain summary | The manufacturing and supply landscape for adenosine phosphate includes multiple originator companies responsible for the development and initial production of branded products. These branded formulations have established a global presence, particularly in the US and EU markets, with additional distribution in other regions. Patent expirations have led to existing generic competition, which is expected to increase as more patents lapse. |
|---|
Adenosine monophosphate is a type of Immunostimulants
Immunostimulants are a vital subcategory of pharmaceutical active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) that play a crucial role in bolstering the immune system. These substances, also referred to as immunomodulators, are designed to enhance the body's natural defense mechanisms and promote a more robust immune response. Immunostimulants are widely used in the development of drugs and vaccines, particularly for the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases.
These pharmaceutical compounds work by activating various components of the immune system, such as macrophages, natural killer cells, and T-cells. By stimulating these immune cells, immunostimulants help in improving the body's ability to recognize and eliminate pathogens, thereby reducing the risk of infection and enhancing overall health.
Immunostimulants can be derived from various sources, including synthetic chemicals, plant extracts, and biological agents. Examples of commonly used immunostimulants include interferons, interleukins, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. These substances can be administered through different routes, such as oral ingestion, injection, or topical application, depending on the desired therapeutic effect.
Pharmaceutical companies invest significant resources in the research and development of immunostimulant APIs due to their potential to revolutionize disease management. By harnessing the power of the immune system, these APIs offer promising solutions for various medical conditions, including viral infections, cancer, and autoimmune disorders.
In conclusion, immunostimulants are a critical subcategory of pharmaceutical APIs that stimulate the immune system to enhance its defense mechanisms. Their use holds great potential in the prevention and treatment of various diseases, making them an essential focus for pharmaceutical research and development.
Adenosine monophosphate (Immunostimulants), classified under Immunomodulators
Immunomodulators, a category of pharmaceutical active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), are substances that help regulate and modify the immune response of an individual. These compounds play a crucial role in treating various immune-related disorders and diseases. Immunomodulators work by either enhancing or suppressing the immune system, depending on the specific condition being treated.
Immunomodulators are used in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and psoriasis. By suppressing the immune system, these APIs help reduce the overactive immune response associated with these conditions, thereby alleviating symptoms and preventing further damage to the body's tissues.
On the other hand, immunomodulators are also employed to boost the immune system in cases of immunodeficiency disorders. These APIs stimulate the immune response, enabling the body to better fight off infections and diseases. Additionally, immunomodulators are utilized in the prevention and treatment of organ transplant rejection, where they help modulate the immune system to accept the transplanted organ.
The development and production of immunomodulators require rigorous testing and quality control to ensure their safety and efficacy. Pharmaceutical companies carefully formulate these APIs into various dosage forms, including tablets, capsules, injections, and topical preparations, to cater to different patient needs.
In summary, immunomodulators form a vital category of pharmaceutical APIs that regulate and modify the immune system. With their ability to modulate immune responses, these compounds contribute significantly to the management and treatment of various immune-related disorders and diseases, improving the quality of life for many patients.
