Oxycodone API Manufacturers & Suppliers
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Oxycodone | CAS No: 76-42-6 | GMP-certified suppliers
A medication that supports management of moderate to severe acute and chronic pain, offering reliable analgesic control for diverse clinical needs in regulated healthcare markets.
Therapeutic categories
Primary indications
- Oxycodone is indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe pain
- [Label] There is also an extended release formulation indicated for chronic moderate to severe pain requiring continuous opioid analgesics for an extended period
- [Label]
Product Snapshot
- Oxycodone is an oral and parenteral small‑molecule opioid available in multiple immediate‑ and extended‑release formulations
- It is used for moderate to severe pain, including chronic pain requiring continuous opioid analgesia
- It is approved in the US and Canada, with certain formulations also noted as investigational or subject to illicit market controls
Clinical Overview
Its pharmacodynamic profile reflects opioid receptor activity across multiple organ systems. Beyond analgesia, oxycodone depresses the respiratory centre in a dose-dependent manner, suppresses the cough reflex, induces pupillary constriction, reduces gastrointestinal motility, and can increase colonic tone. Histamine release may contribute to pruritus, flushing, and reductions in blood pressure. Endocrine effects include increased prolactin and decreased cortisol and testosterone. The clinical relevance of immune modulation is not established.
Oxycodone and its active metabolites, including noroxycodone and oxymorphone, act as agonists at mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors. These compounds cross the blood brain barrier by passive diffusion or possible active transport. Receptor activation initiates G protein signalling and inhibition of N‑type voltage operated calcium channels, reducing neuronal excitability and pain transmission. Opioid receptor upregulation during inflammation may contribute to pharmacologic responsiveness in peripheral tissues.
Oxycodone is metabolized primarily via CYP3A and to a lesser extent CYP2D6, generating metabolites with varying opioid activity. Absorption is efficient following oral administration with measurable first-pass metabolism. The safety profile is characterized by risks of respiratory depression, constipation, sedation, hypotension, and endocrine effects, with severity influenced by dose, co-administered CNS depressants, and patient factors.
For API procurement, quality considerations include verified identity, stereochemical integrity, control of residual solvents, and compliance with pharmacopeial specifications to support consistent performance in finished dosage forms.
Identification & chemistry
| Generic name | Oxycodone |
|---|---|
| Molecule type | Small molecule |
| CAS | 76-42-6 |
| UNII | CD35PMG570 |
| DrugBank ID | DB00497 |
Pharmacology
| Summary | Oxycodone and its active metabolites act primarily as agonists at mu‑opioid receptors, with additional activity at kappa and delta receptors, to modulate nociceptive signaling through inhibition of neurotransmitter release. These actions reduce pain transmission and also engage opioid pathways in multiple peripheral and central tissues, contributing to effects on respiration, gastrointestinal motility, autonomic tone, and endocrine function. The drug’s overall pharmacodynamic profile reflects broad GPCR‑mediated suppression of neuronal excitability across these systems. |
|---|---|
| Mechanism of action | The full mechanism of oxycodone is not known.[Label] Under conditions of inflammation or hyperalgesia, opioid receptors in the heart, lungs, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and reproductive system are upregulated and transported to nerve terminals.Oxycodone and its active metabolites, noroxycodone, oxymorphone, and noroxymorphone are opioid agonists.These compounds passively diffuse across the blood brain barrier or may be actively transported across by an unknown mechanism.Oxycodone and its active metabolites can selectively bind to the mu opioid receptor, but also the kappa and delta opioid receptors in the central nervous system and periphery, and induce a G protein coupled receptor signalling pathway.Activation of mu opioid receptors inhibits N-type voltage operated calcium channels, inhibiting responses to pain. |
| Pharmacodynamics | Oxycodone acts directly on a number of tissues not related to its analgesic effect. These tissues include the respiratory centre in the brain stem, the cough centre in the medulla, muscles of the pupils, gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system, endocrine system, and immune system.[Label] Oxycodone's effect on the respiratory centre is dose dependant respiratory depression.[Label] The action on the cough centre is suppression of the cough reflex.[Label] Pupils become miopic or decrease in size, peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract slows, and muscle tone in the colon may increase causing constipation.[Label] In the cardiovascular system histamine may be released leading to pruritis, red eyes, flushing, sweating, and decreased blood pressure.[Label] Endocrine effects may include increased prolactin, decreased cortisol, and decreased testosterone.[Label] It is not yet known if the effects of opioids on the immune system are clinically significant.[Label] |
Targets
| Target | Organism | Actions |
|---|---|---|
| Mu-type opioid receptor | Humans | agonist |
| Kappa-type opioid receptor | Humans | agonist |
| Delta-type opioid receptor | Humans | agonist |
ADME / PK
| Absorption | Oxycodone has an oral bioavailability of 60% to 87% that is unaffected by food.[Label] The area under the curve is 135ng/mL\*hr, maximum plasma concentration is 11.5ng/mL, and time to maximum concentration is 5.11hr in patients given a 10mg oral immediate release dose of oxycodone.[Label] |
|---|---|
| Half-life | The apparent elimination half life of oxycodone is 3.2 hours for immediate release formulations and 4.5 hours for extended release formulations.[Label] Noroxycodone has a half life of 5.8 hours, oxymorphone has a half life of 8.8 hours, noroxymorphone has a half life of 9 hours. |
| Protein binding | 45%.[Label] Oxycodone is primarily bound to serum albumin and to a lesser degree alpha1-acid glycoprotein. |
| Metabolism | Oxycodone's hepatic metabolism is extensive and completed by 4 main reactions. CYP3A4 and 3A5 perform N-demethylation, CYP2D6 performs O-demethylation, unknown enzymes perform 6-keto-reduction, and unknown enzymes perform conjugation. Oxycodone is metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 to noroxycodone and then by CYP2D6 to noroxymorphone.Noroxycodone and noroxymorphone are the primary circulating metabolites.[Label] Noroxycodone can also be 6-keto-reduced to alpha or beta noroxycodol. Oxycodone can be metabolized by CYP2D6 to oxymorphone and then by CYP3A4 to noroxymorphone.Oxymorphone can also be 6-keto-reduced to alpha or beta oxymorphol. Oxycodone can also be 6-keto-reduced to alpha and beta oxycodol. The active metabolites noroxycodone, oxymorphone, and noroxymorphone can all be conjugated before elimination. |
| Route of elimination | Oxycodone and its metabolites are eliminated in the urine.[Label] Unbound noroxycodone makes up 23% of the dose recovered in urine and oxymorphone makes up <1%.[Label] Conjugated oxymorphone makes up 10% of the recovered dose.[Label] Free and conjugated oxycodone makes up 8.9% of the recovered dose, noroxymorphone makes up 14%, and reduced metabolites make up 18%.[Label] |
| Volume of distribution | 2.6L/kg.[Label] |
| Clearance | Total plasma clearance is 1.4L/min in adults.[Label] |
Formulation & handling
- Oral formulations commonly use extended‑release matrices that require controls to prevent dose dumping, especially in the presence of alcohol.
- The small‑molecule API has good aqueous solubility, enabling conventional solution preparation for injectable routes with standard pH and oxidation controls.
- Solid‑state stability supports a wide range of oral tablet and capsule formats with minimal food‑effect considerations during formulation.
Regulatory status
| Lifecycle | Most patent protections for the API in the US and Canada have expired, with the most recent US patent expiring in 2023, indicating that the product is in a late lifecycle stage. With marketing limited to the US and Canada, the market position reflects a mature environment with established generic entry. |
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| Markets | Canada, US |
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Supply Chain
| Supply chain summary | Oxycodone is supplied by numerous manufacturers, indicating that originator firms represent only a portion of a broad and mature production base. Branded and generic products are established in North American markets, with distribution evident in both the United States and Canada. Most key patents have expired, with the most recent ending in 2023–2024, supporting the presence of extensive generic competition. |
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Safety
| Toxicity | Patients experiencing an overdose may present with respiratory depression, sleepiness, stupor, coma, skeletal muscle flaccidity, cold sweat, constricted pupils, bradycardia, hypotension, partial or complete airway obstruction, atypical snoring, and death.[Label] Overdose should be treated by maintaining airway, ventilation, and oxygenation.[Label] Oxygen and vasopressor treatment may be necessary to treat circulatory shock and pulmonary edema and defibrillation may be required for cardiac arrest of arrhythmia.[Label] [Naloxone], [nalmefene], or [naltrexone] may be used to counteract the effects of opioids but patients should be monitored in case further doses are required.[Label] The intraperitoneal LD50 in mice is 320mg/kg, the oral LD50 is 426mg/kg.[MSDS] The oral lowest dose causing toxic effects in humans is 0.14mg/kg and subcutaneously in rats it is 1.53mg/kg.[MSDS] Oxycodone is pregnancy category B according to the FDA.[Label] There is a paucity of data regarding oxycodone use in pregnancy, though animal studies show no teratogenic effects.[Label] Rats given oxycodone during lactation showed smaller offspring, though after lactation, they recovered to normal size.[Label] Oxycodone is excreted in breast milk and so patients should not breastfeed while taking oxycodone due to risk of sedation and respiratory depression in infants.[Label] No studies on the carcinogenicity of oxycodone have been performed.[Label] Oxycodone was genotoxic at 50mcg/mL with metabolic activation and at 400mcg/mL without.[Label] It was also clastogenic with metabolic activation at ≥1250mcg/mL.[Label] Oxycodone was not found to be genotoxic in other tests.[Label] Oxycodone does not affect reproduction and fertility in rats at doses of up to 8mg/kg/day.[Label] |
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- Overdose is associated with profound CNS and respiratory depression, hypotension, bradycardia, and potential airway obstruction
- Severe cases may progress to coma or fatal outcomes
- Acute toxicity values include mouse LD50 ranges of 320 mg/kg (intraperitoneal) and 426 mg/kg (oral)
Certificate of Analysis
A CoA is a document issued by a companies’ QA/QC-department that confirms that a product meets its product specification and is part of the quality control of a product batch. The CoA commonly contains results obtained from laboratory tests of an individual batch of a product. There are different international standards to which a product can be tested, for example: Ph. Eur. | EP – (European Pharmacopoeia) USP – (United States Pharmacopeia)
Oxycodone is a type of Opioid analgesics
Opioid analgesics are a subcategory of pharmaceutical Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) that are commonly used for pain management. These potent substances interact with specific receptors in the central nervous system, producing analgesic effects and reducing the perception of pain. Opioid analgesics are derived from opium alkaloids or synthetic compounds that mimic their effects. They are classified based on their strength, with some being classified as strong opioids (e.g., morphine, fentanyl) and others as weak opioids (e.g., codeine, tramadol). These APIs work by binding to opioid receptors, primarily located in the brain, spinal cord, and gastrointestinal tract. By activating these receptors, opioid analgesics modulate pain signals, resulting in pain relief. Additionally, they can induce feelings of euphoria, sedation, and respiratory depression, which can be both beneficial and potentially harmful.
Due to their potency and potential for abuse, opioid analgesics are tightly regulated substances. They are primarily prescribed for acute and chronic pain management, such as post-surgical pain, cancer pain, and severe injuries. However, their misuse and addiction potential have led to a public health crisis in many countries.
In conclusion, opioid analgesics are a subcategory of pharmaceutical APIs that play a crucial role in pain management. While they provide effective pain relief, their use requires careful monitoring and adherence to prescribing guidelines to mitigate the risks associated with their potential for abuse and addiction.
Oxycodone (Opioid analgesics), classified under Analgesics
Analgesics are a category of pharmaceutical Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) that are commonly used to relieve pain. They are designed to alleviate discomfort by targeting the body's pain receptors or by reducing inflammation. Analgesics are widely utilized in the medical field to manage various types of pain, ranging from mild to severe.
One of the primary classes of analgesics is nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs work by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, substances that contribute to pain and inflammation. This class includes well-known drugs like ibuprofen and naproxen. Another class of analgesics is opioids, which are derived from opium or synthetic compounds that mimic the effects of opium. Opioids act on the central nervous system to reduce pain perception and provide potent pain relief. Examples of opioids include morphine, codeine, and oxycodone.
Analgesics are available in various forms, such as tablets, capsules, creams, and injections, allowing for different routes of administration based on the patient's needs. They are commonly used to manage pain associated with conditions like arthritis, headaches, dental procedures, and post-operative recovery.
It is important to note that analgesics should be used under medical supervision, as improper use or overuse can lead to adverse effects, including gastrointestinal complications, addiction, and respiratory depression in the case of opioids. Therefore, it is crucial for healthcare professionals to assess each patient's individual needs and prescribe the appropriate analgesic and dosage.
In summary, analgesics are a vital category of pharmaceutical APIs used to alleviate pain by targeting pain receptors or reducing inflammation. With various classes and forms available, they provide valuable options for pain management when used responsibly and under medical guidance.
