Daptomycin API Manufacturers & Suppliers
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Daptomycin | CAS No: 103060-53-3 | GMP-certified suppliers
A medication that treats complicated skin infections and Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections, including right-sided infective endocarditis, in patients one year and older.
Therapeutic categories
Primary indications
- Daptomycin is indicated for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI) in patients one year of age and older
- It is also indicated for the treatment of _Staphylococcus aureus_ bloodstream infections (bacteremia) in patients one year of age and older, including in adult patients with right-sided infective endocarditis
- Daptomycin is not indicated for the treatment of pneumonia or left-sided infective endocarditis due to _S
Product Snapshot
- Daptomycin is an injectable antibiotic available as a lyophilized powder or solution for intravenous administration
- It is primarily used for complicated skin and skin structure infections and Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections, including right-sided infective endocarditis
- Daptomycin is approved for use in the US, Canada, and the EU markets
Clinical Overview
Pharmacologically, daptomycin exhibits rapid, concentration-dependent bactericidal activity against a broad spectrum of aerobic Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-susceptible and -resistant _S. aureus_ (MSSA/MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), various _Staphylococcus_ and _Streptococcus_ species, and selected anaerobes such as _Clostridioides difficile_. Its activity correlates best with the ratio of the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).
The mechanism of action involves calcium-dependent binding to bacterial membranes rich in acidic phospholipids, particularly phosphatidylglycerol, followed by insertion and oligomerization. This disrupts membrane integrity and fluidity, interferes with cell division processes, and leads to membrane depolarization and loss of essential ion gradients, culminating in bacterial cell death. Resistance has been linked to genetic mutations affecting membrane phospholipid composition and regulatory systems influencing cell envelope homeostasis.
Daptomycin’s absorption and distribution reflect intravenous administration, with primarily renal excretion. Patients with moderate to severe renal impairment may require dose adjustments due to altered pharmacokinetics and observed reduced clinical benefit in limited data.
Safety considerations include monitoring for myopathy and rhabdomyolysis, evidenced by elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels, especially with repeat daily dosing. Periodic assessment of renal function and CPK is recommended during therapy. Severe adverse effects such as eosinophilic pneumonia, peripheral neuropathy, and hypersensitivity reactions including DRESS syndrome have been reported. Concomitant use with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors warrants caution. Clinicians should be aware of the potential for induction of resistant organisms and superinfections, emphasizing judicious use.
Daptomycin is marketed under the brand name CUBICIN® by Cubist Pharmaceuticals LLC (Merck & Co.) following FDA approval in 2003.
From an API procurement perspective, ensuring pharmaceutical-grade quality of daptomycin demands rigorous characterization of its complex cyclic lipopeptide structure, verification of stereochemical integrity including unusual amino acid residues, and confirmation of absence of impurities that can impact safety and potency. Suppliers should demonstrate compliance with regulatory standards and employ validated analytical methodologies to support consistent high-quality production suitable for clinical use.
Identification & chemistry
| Generic name | Daptomycin |
|---|---|
| Molecule type | Small molecule |
| CAS | 103060-53-3 |
| UNII | NWQ5N31VKK |
| DrugBank ID | DB00080 |
Pharmacology
| Summary | Daptomycin is a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic targeting the cytoplasmic membrane of aerobic Gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism involves calcium-dependent binding to membrane phospholipids, primarily phosphatidylglycerol, which disrupts membrane integrity and interferes with cell wall biosynthesis and cell division, leading to bacterial cell death. The exact downstream effects remain under investigation, with proposed actions including altered membrane fluidity, enzyme displacement, and transient ion flux disturbances. |
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| Mechanism of action | The mechanism of action of daptomycin remains poorly understood. Studies have suggested a direct inhibition of cell membrane/cell wall constituent biosynthesis, including peptidoglycan, uridine diphosphate-N-acid, acetyl-L-alanine, and lipoteichoic acid (LTA). However, no convincing evidence has been presented for any of these models, and an effect on LTA biosynthesis has been ruled out by other studies in _S. aureus_ and _E. faecalis_.[A231384, A231394, A14171] It is well understood that free daptomycin (apo-daptomycin) is a trianion at physiological pH, which binds Ca<sup>2+</sup> in a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio to become a monoanion, which is thought to rely primarily on the Asp(7), Asp(9), and L-3MeGlu12 residues that form a DXDG motif.[A231374, A231379, A231384] Calcium-binding facilitates daptomycin's insertion into bacterial membranes preferentially due to their high content of the acidic phospholipids phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and cardiolipin (CL), wherein it is proposed that daptomycin can bind two calcium equivalents and form oligomers. PG is recognized as the main membrane requirement for daptomycin activity; daptomycin preferentially localizes in PG-rich membrane domains, and mutations affecting PG prevalence are linked to daptomycin resistance. Calcium-dependent membrane binding is the generally accepted mechanism of action for daptomycin, but the precise downstream effects are unclear, and numerous models have been proposed. One mechanism proposes that the daptomycin membrane binding alters membrane fluidity, causing dissociation of cell wall biosynthetic enzymes such as the lipid II synthase MurG and the phospholipid synthase PlsX. This is consistent with the observed effects of daptomycin on cell shape in various bacteria at concentrations at or above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Aberrant cell morphology is also consistent with the observed localization of daptomycin at the division septa and a hypothesized role in inhibiting cell division. A recent study suggested the formation of tripartite complexes containing calcium-bound daptomycin, PG, and various undecaprenyl-coupled cell envelope precursors, which subsequently include lipid II. This complex is proposed to inhibit cell division, lead to the dispersion of cell wall biosynthetic machinery, and eventually cause lysis of the membrane bilayer at the septum causing cell death.[A231384, A231409] Another popular model is based on early observations that daptomycin, in a calcium-dependent manner, caused potassium ion leakage and loss of membrane potential in treated bacterial cells.[A231394, A231419, A231424] Although this lead some to suggest that daptomycin could bind PG to form oligomeric pores in the bacterial membrane, no cell lysis was observed in _S. aureus_ or _E. faecalis_, and the daptomycin-induced ion conduction is inconsistent with pore formation. Rather, it has been proposed that daptomycin forms calcium-dependent dimeric complexes in fixed ratios of Dap<sub>2</sub>Ca<sub>3</sub>PG<sub>2</sub>, which can act as transient ionophores. The observed loss of membrane potential is suggested to result in a non-specific loss of gradient-dependent nutrient transport, ATP production, and biosynthesis, leading to cell death.[A231379, A231424] Notably, these models are not strictly mutually exclusive and are supported to varying extents by observed resistance mutations. The strict requirement for PG for daptomycin bactericidal action is supported by mutations in _mprF_, _cls2_, _pgsA_, and the _dlt_ operon in _S. aureus_, _cls_ in various enterococci, and _pgsA_, PG synthase, and the _dlt_ operon in _E. faecium_, all of which alter the bacterial membrane composition and specifically the PG content of bacterial membranes. Other noted mutations in various regulatory systems that control membrane homeostasis also support the cell membrane as the site of daptomycin action. Curiously, in _E. faecalis_, the most commonly observed form of daptomycin resistance is characterized by abnormal division septa, which supports the cell division-based mechanism of daptomycin action.[A231379, A231384] |
| Pharmacodynamics | Daptomycin is a cyclic lipopeptide antibacterial agent produced as a fermentation product by the soil microbe _Streptomyces roseosporus_. The daptomycin core consists of 13 amino acids, including three D-amino acids, ornithine, 3-methyl-glutamic acid, and kynurenine, with the C-terminal 10 amino acids forming an ester-linked ring and the N-terminal tryptophan covalently bonded to decanoic acid.[A231374, L32534] Daptomycin is active against aerobic Gram-positive bacteria, including clinically relevant strains such as methicillin-susceptible and -resistant _Staphylococcus aureus_ (MSSA/MRSA), vancomycin-resistant _S. aureus_, vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), _Staphylococcus_ spp., _Streptococcus_ spp., _Clostridiodes difficile_, _Clostridium perfringens_, _Finegoldia magna_, and _Propionibacterium acnes_, among others.[A231379, A231384, L32534] Although daptomycin is active against _Streptococcus pneumoniae_ _in vitro_, it is inhibited by lung surfactant, and hence is not effective for the treatment of pneumonia or other similar lung infections.[A231379, A231389, L32534] Daptomycin exhibits rapid concentration-dependent bactericidal activity _in vitro_, which correlates best with the ratio of the area under the concentration-time curve to the minimum inhibitory concentration (AUC/MIC) in animal models of infection. Like other antibacterial agents, daptomycin carries a risk of severe hypersensitivity reactions, including Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS). There have been reports of myopathy, rhabdomyolysis, and increased creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels in patients taking daptomycin, which increased when daptomycin was given more than once per day. Patients should be monitored for CPK levels and, in those with renal impairment, renal function, at least once per week and should consider temporarily suspending the use of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Daptomycin should not be administered more than once per day. Severe adverse reactions such as tubulointerstitial nephritis and peripheral neuropathy have been reported, which may require treatment discontinuation. Based on animal studies, patients less than one year of age may experience serious muscular, neuromuscular, and nervous system effects; daptomycin is not recommended for use in patients under one year of age. Patients undergoing daptomycin treatment may experience eosinophilic pneumonia and _Clostridioides difficile_-associated diarrhea, both of which may require the cessation of antibacterial treatment and initiation of symptomatic/supportive measures. Persisting or relapsing _S. aureus_ bacteremia and endocarditis should be investigated for sequestered foci of infection and the possibility of daptomycin resistance; the dose or treatment regimen may require adjusting. Patients with moderate to severe renal impairment (creatine clearance < 50 mL/min) experienced reduced clinical benefit from daptomycin treatment based on limited data. Clinically relevant daptomycin plasma concentrations have significantly affected prothrombin time and International Normalized Ratio (INR) measurements. As with all antibiotics, daptomycin use may promote the overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms and the development of resistant organisms; daptomycin use should be limited to cases where it is proven or strongly suspected that an infection is caused by susceptible bacteria. |
Targets
| Target | Organism | Actions |
|---|---|---|
| Cytoplasmic membrane | Bacteria | incorporation into and destabilization |
ADME / PK
| Absorption | Daptomycin administered as a 30 minute IV infusion to healthy volunteers in doses of 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 mg/kg once daily resulted in a C<sub>max</sub> between 57.8 ± 3.0 and 183.7 ± 25.0 μg/mL and an AUC<sub>0-24</sub> of between 494 ± 75 and 1277 ± 253 μg\*h/mL.[A231449, L32534] Daptomycin pharmacokinetics are generally linear, with some variation observed above 6 mg/kg, and the C<sub>max</sub> and AUC values are approximately 20% higher at steady-state, suggesting some accumulation. Steady-state trough concentrations between 5.9 ± 1.6 and 13.7 ± 5.2 μg/mL are reached following the third once-daily dose. The data for a single daptomycin dose of 6 mg/kg administered IV over 30 minutes was used to estimate steady-state C<sub>max</sub> values for both 4 and 6 mg/kg doses administered over two minutes, which were estimated at 77.7 ± 8.1 and 116.6 ± 12.2 μg/mL, respectively. Administration of IV daptomycin (4 or 6 mg/kg) over two minutes did not allow for measurement of the C<sub>max</sub> but resulted in steady-state AUC values of 475 ± 71 and 701 ± 82 μg\*h/mL. Patients with severe renal impairment and those on dialysis had mean steady-state AUC values approximately 2-3 times higher than those with normal renal function. No clinically significant differences in daptomycin pharmacokinetics were observed in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment. The mean AUC<sub>0-∞</sub> obtained in healthy elderly individuals (75 years of age and older) was approximately 58% higher than in healthy young adult controls, with no difference in C<sub>max</sub>. The AUC<sub>0-∞</sub> is also increased in obese patients by approximately 30%. No significant differences in body weight- and age-adjusted C<sub>max</sub> or AUC was observed in pediatric patients. |
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| Half-life | Daptomycin has a relatively long half-life, with ranges of 7.5-9 hours depending on dosing schemes and dose strength.[A231449, L32534] The half-life lengthens in patients with increasing renal impairment, being 27.83 ± 14.85 hours in patients with creatinine clearance <30 mL/min, 30.51 ± 6.51 hours in hemodialysis patients, and 27.56 ± 4.53 hours in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. Daptomycin half-life also tends to decrease with decreasing age. |
| Protein binding | Daptomycin reversibly binds plasma proteins between 90-94% and independently of concentration.[A231449, L32534, A231574, A231579] Although daptomycin is mainly bound to serum albumin (HSA; 85-96%), it also binds appreciably to α-1-acid-glycoprotein (AGP; 25-51%).[A231574, A231579, A231584] Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments revealed that daptomycin also binds a number of other plasma proteins including α-1-antitrypsin, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), hemoglobin, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), hemopexin, fibrinogen, α2-macroglobulin, β2-microglobulin, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), fibronectin, haptoglobulin, transferrin, and IgG. Of these, it was determined that the main determinants of plasma binding were HSA, AGP, α-1-antitrypsin, LDL, SHBG, and hemopexin. Consistent with observations regarding calculated distribution volumes, daptomycin protein binding tends to decrease with decreasing renal function, being approximately 88% in patients with creatinine clearance <30 mL/min, approximately 86% in those on hemodialysis, and approximately 84% in those on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). |
| Metabolism | Radiolabeled daptomycin administered to five healthy adults revealed the presence of inactive metabolites in the urine. A separate study using 6 mg/kg daptomycin in healthy adults revealed small amounts of three oxidative and one unidentified metabolite(s) in urine but not in plasma. The site of metabolism is unclear, as studies using human hepatocytes suggest that daptomycin effectively does not interact at all with the various CYP450 enzymes present in the liver.[A231474, L32534] |
| Route of elimination | Daptomycin is excreted primarily by the kidneys, approximately 78% of an administered dose recovered in urine and only 5.7% recovered in feces.[A231449, L32534] Approximately 52% of the dose, recovered in urine, retains microbiological activity. |
| Volume of distribution | Daptomycin has a very small volume of distribution, averaging ~0.1 L/kg in healthy adult subjects independent of dose.[A231449, L32534] The volume of distribution tends to increase with decreasing renal function, being estimated at ~0.2 L/kg in patients with severe renal impairment. |
| Clearance | Daptomycin administered as a 30 minute IV infusion to healthy volunteers in doses of 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 mg/kg once daily resulted in total plasma clearance values between 7.2 ± 1.1 and 9.6 ± 1.3 mL/h/kg, with no clear dose association.[A231449, L32534] As daptomycin is primarily renally excreted, patients with mild, moderate, and severe renal impairment had reduced total plasma clearance 9, 22, and 46 percent lower than healthy controls, respectively. Daptomycin clearance was also lower in obese (15-23%) and geriatric (aged 75 and older, by 35%) patients, whereas it tended to be higher in pediatric patients, even when normalized for body weight. |
Formulation & handling
- Daptomycin is formulated exclusively for intravenous and parenteral administration due to its low oral bioavailability.
- It is a small molecule antibiotic with low water solubility, requiring reconstitution from lyophilized powder for injection.
- Handling precautions include protection from light and prompt use after reconstitution to maintain stability.
Regulatory status
| Lifecycle | The API's primary patents expired in Canada and the US in 2019, with an additional US patent extending exclusivity until 2028. As a result, the product is in a mature market phase in Canada and partially mature in the US, while its status in the EU depends on regional patent protections. |
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| Markets | US, Canada, EU |
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Supply Chain
| Supply chain summary | Daptomycin is primarily manufactured by a single originator company with multiple packagers supporting its supply. Its branded product, Cubicin, is established across the US, Canada, and EU markets. Patent expiry dates indicate some patents have expired or are near expiration, allowing for existing or imminent generic competition. |
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Safety
| Toxicity | Toxicity information regarding daptomycin is not readily available. Patients experiencing an overdose are at an increased risk of severe adverse effects such as myopathy, rhabdomyolysis, muscular/neurological system symptoms, eosinophilic pneumonia, tubulointerstitial nephritis, vomiting/diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, pyrexia, sweating, and pruritus. Symptomatic and supportive measures are recommended, including maintenance of glomerular filtration. Due to its high serum protein binding, daptomycin is not easily removed by hemodialysis (~15% of a dose over four hours) or peritoneal dialysis (~11% of a dose over 48 hours). High-flux membranes in hemodialysis may improve the quantity of daptomycin removed using this approach. |
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- Daptomycin exhibits high serum protein binding, limiting its removal by standard hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis techniques
- Overdose may lead to severe adverse effects including myopathy, rhabdomyolysis, eosinophilic pneumonia, and tubulointerstitial nephritis
- Use in pediatric patients under one year is not recommended due to potential neuromuscular and nervous system toxicity
Daptomycin is a type of Other antibacterials
The Other Antibacterials subcategory within the pharmaceutical Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) encompasses a diverse range of compounds used to combat bacterial infections. These antibacterials possess unique mechanisms of action, making them valuable tools in the fight against drug-resistant bacteria.
One class of Other Antibacterials is the cyclic lipopeptides, which include compounds such as daptomycin. These lipopeptides disrupt bacterial cell membranes, leading to cell death. They have demonstrated efficacy against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
Another group of antibacterials in this subcategory is the nitroimidazoles. Metronidazole is a well-known representative of this class and is effective against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. Nitroimidazoles exert their antibacterial activity by damaging DNA and disrupting essential cellular processes.
The polymyxins, such as polymyxin B and colistin, are also part of the Other Antibacterials group. These cyclic polypeptides possess a unique mechanism of action, targeting bacterial cell membranes and causing leakage, ultimately leading to cell death. Polymyxins are particularly effective against Gram-negative bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains like carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE).
Furthermore, some miscellaneous antibacterials fall under this subcategory. For instance, fosfomycin, a phosphonic acid derivative, inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. Fosfomycin has shown efficacy against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, including urinary tract infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria.
Daptomycin (Other antibacterials ), classified under Antibacterials
Antibacterials, a category of pharmaceutical active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), play a crucial role in combating bacterial infections. These APIs are chemical compounds that target and inhibit the growth or kill bacteria, helping to eliminate harmful bacterial pathogens from the body.
Antibacterials are essential for the treatment of various bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, and more. They are commonly prescribed by healthcare professionals to combat both mild and severe bacterial infections.
Within the category of antibacterials, there are different classes and subclasses of APIs, each with distinct mechanisms of action and target bacteria. Some commonly used antibacterials include penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones. These APIs work by interfering with various aspects of bacterial cellular processes, such as cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, DNA replication, or enzyme activity.
The development and production of antibacterial APIs require stringent quality control measures to ensure their safety, efficacy, and purity. Pharmaceutical manufacturers must adhere to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and follow rigorous testing protocols to guarantee the quality and consistency of these APIs.
As bacterial resistance to antibiotics continues to be a significant concern, ongoing research and development efforts aim to discover and develop new antibacterial APIs. The evolution of antibacterials plays a crucial role in combating emerging bacterial strains and ensuring effective treatment options for infectious diseases.
In summary, antibacterials are a vital category of pharmaceutical APIs used to treat bacterial infections. They are designed to inhibit or kill bacteria, and their development requires strict adherence to quality control standards. By continually advancing research in this field, scientists and pharmaceutical companies can contribute to the ongoing battle against bacterial infections.
Daptomycin API manufacturers & distributors
Compare qualified Daptomycin API suppliers worldwide. We currently have 6 companies offering Daptomycin API, with manufacturing taking place in 4 different countries. Use the table below to review supplier type, countries of origin, certifications, product portfolio and GMP audit availability.
| Supplier | Type | Country | Product origin | Certifications | Portfolio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LGM Pharma | Distributor | United States | World | BSE/TSE, CEP, CoA, GMP, MSDS, USDMF | 441 products |
| Rochem International, Inc... | Distributor | United States | United States | BSE/TSE, CoA, EDMF/ASMF, GMP, ISO9001, MSDS, USDMF | 144 products |
| Socosur | Distributor | France | Unknown | CoA | 21 products |
| Xellia | Producer | Denmark | Unknown | CoA, GMP, USDMF | 9 products |
| Yacht Bio-Tech | Producer | China | China | CoA, USDMF | 2 products |
| Zhejiang Hisun Pharma | Producer | China | China | CoA, USDMF, WC | 69 products |
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