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Phenoxyethanol
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Looking for Phenoxyethanol API 122-99-6?
- Description:
- Here you will find a list of producers, manufacturers and distributors of Phenoxyethanol. You can filter on certificates such as GMP, FDA, CEP, Written Confirmation and more. Send inquiries for free and get in direct contact with the supplier of your choice.
- API | Excipient name:
- Phenoxyethanol
- Synonyms:
- 1-Hydroxy-2-phenoxyethane , 2-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether , 2-phenoxyethanol , 2-Phenoxyethyl alcohol , beta-Hydroxyethyl phenyl ether , Ethylene glycol monophenyl ether , Phenoxytol , Phenyl cellosolve , Phenylmonoglycol ether
- Cas Number:
- 122-99-6
- DrugBank number:
- DB11304
- Unique Ingredient Identifier:
- HIE492ZZ3T
General Description:
Phenoxyethanol, identified by CAS number 122-99-6, is a notable compound with significant therapeutic applications. Phenoxyethanol is a colorless liquid with a pleasant odor. It is a glycol ether used as a perfume fixative, insect repellent, antiseptic, solvent, preservative, and also as an anesthetic in fish aquaculture. Phenoxyethanol is an ether alcohol with aromatic properties. It is both naturally found and manufactured synthetically. Demonstrating antimicrobial ability, phenoxyethanol acts as an effective preservative in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and lubricants . Phenoxyethanol (EU), or PE, is the most commonly used globally-approved preservative in personal care formulations. It is very easy to use in various types of formulations and is chemically stable. Phenoxyethanol is a colorless, clear, oily liquid with a faint aromatic odor at room temperature and a low water solubility and evaporation rate. It is produced by reacting phenol (EU) and ethylene oxide (EU) at a high temperature and pressure. This substance occurs naturally in green tea (EU) . According to the European Union Cosmetics Regulation (EC) n.1223/2009, phenoxyethanol is authorized as a preservative in cosmetic formulations at a maximum concentration of 1.0% . Phenoxyethanol has been classified as an antimicrobial and preservative by Health Canada . It has also been used in vaccines and shown to inactivate bacteria, and several types of yeast .
Indications:
This drug is primarily indicated for: Antimicrobial agent used as a preservative in cosmetics , , . Its use in specific medical scenarios underscores its importance in the therapeutic landscape.
Metabolism:
Phenoxyethanol undergoes metabolic processing primarily in: The fate of phenoxyethanol in rats and humans has been investigated . The rate of intestinal absorption was rapid, with 60-70% of the excreted (14)C detected at 3 hours and > 95% of the total 4-day urinary (14)C detected within the first 24 hr. Trace amounts of radioactivity were detected in feces. Four days after dosing, only trace amounts of radioactivity remained in the carcass, primarily in the liver (< 0.2% of the dose), fat and muscle. At the 4 day point, the (14)C concentration in blood was measured to be only 0.001 . The major metabolite of phenoxyethanol is phenoxyacetic acid . This metabolic pathway ensures efficient processing of the drug, helping to minimize potential toxicity and side effects.
Route of Elimination:
The elimination of Phenoxyethanol from the body primarily occurs through: The fate of phenoxyethanol in rats and humans has been investigated. More than 90% of an oral dose of 16, 27 or 160 mg/kg body weight of (2-(14)C)phenoxyethanol administered to male Colworth rats by was excreted in the urine within 24 hours of administration. A female rat also excreted about 90% of a dose of 27 mg/kg body weight in the urine within 24 hours. About 2% and 1.3% of the ingested dose was recovered from the exhaled air of female and male rats, respectively . Understanding this pathway is essential for assessing potential drug accumulation and toxicity risks.
Volume of Distribution:
Phenoxyethanol is distributed throughout the body with a volume of distribution of: A pharmacokinetic study of phenoxyethanol was performed using a mass spectrometry model for simultaneous analysis of phenoxyethanol (PE) and its major metabolite, phenoxyacetic acid (PAA), in rat plasma, urine, and 7 different tissues . The absolute topical bioavailability of PE was 75.4% and 76.0% for emulsion and lotion, respectively. Conversion of PE to PAA was extensive, with the average AUCPAA-to-AUCPE ratio being 4.4 and 5.3 for emulsion and lotion, respectively. The steady-state tissue-to-plasma PE concentration ratio (Kp) was higher than unity for kidney, spleen, heart, brain, and testis and was lower (0.6) for lung and liver, while the metabolite Kp ratio was higher than unity for kidney, liver, lung, and testis and was lower (0.3) for other tissues . This metric indicates how extensively the drug permeates into body tissues.
Pharmacodynamics:
Phenoxyethanol exerts its therapeutic effects through: This substance has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, yeasts, and mold . The drug's ability to modulate various physiological processes underscores its efficacy in treating specific conditions.
Mechanism of Action:
Phenoxyethanol functions by: Phenoxyethanol has antibacterial properties and is effective against strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa even in the presence of 20% serum. It not as effective against Proteus vulgaris, other gram-negative organisms, and gram-positive organisms. Phenoxyethanol has been used as a preservative at a concentration of 1%. A wider spectrum of antimicrobial activity is achieved with preservative mixtures of phenoxyethanol and hydroxybenzoates. Phenoxyethanol may be used as a 2.2% solution or a 2% cream for the treatment of superficial wounds, burns, or abscesses infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In skin infection, derivatives of phenoxyethanol are used in combination with either cyclic acid or zinc undecenoate . This mechanism highlights the drug's role in inhibiting or promoting specific biological pathways, contributing to its therapeutic effects.
Toxicity:
Classification:
Phenoxyethanol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenol ethers. These are aromatic compounds containing an ether group substituted with a benzene ring, classified under the direct parent group Phenol ethers. This compound is a part of the Organic compounds, falling under the Benzenoids superclass, and categorized within the Phenol ethers class, specifically within the None subclass.
Categories:
Phenoxyethanol is categorized under the following therapeutic classes: Alcohols, Anesthetics, Anti-Infective Agents, Anti-Infective Agents, Local, Central Nervous System Agents, Central Nervous System Depressants, Drugs that are Mainly Renally Excreted, Glycols. These classifications highlight the drug's diverse therapeutic applications and its importance in treating various conditions.
Experimental Properties:
Further physical and chemical characteristics of Phenoxyethanol include:
- Water Solubility: 24g/L at 20°C
- Melting Point: 13
- Boiling Point: 245
Phenoxyethanol is a type of Anesthetics
Anesthetics are a crucial category of pharmaceutical Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) widely used in the field of medicine. These substances play a vital role in inducing a temporary loss of sensation or consciousness, enabling medical procedures to be performed without pain or discomfort. Anesthetics can be classified into two primary types: general anesthetics and local anesthetics.
General anesthetics act on the central nervous system, producing a reversible loss of consciousness. They are administered through inhalation or injection routes and are commonly employed for major surgeries or procedures that require deep sedation. Examples of general anesthetics include sevoflurane, propofol, and isoflurane.
On the other hand, local anesthetics primarily target a specific region or part of the body, temporarily numbing the area and blocking pain signals. These APIs are frequently used in dental procedures, minor surgeries, and childbirth. Common local anesthetics include lidocaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine.
Anesthetics work by interfering with the transmission of nerve signals or by altering the activity of certain receptors in the nervous system. They offer precise control over pain management, allowing medical professionals to perform complex procedures with reduced patient discomfort and anxiety.
The development and manufacturing of anesthetics APIs require stringent quality control measures to ensure safety and efficacy. Pharmaceutical companies adhere to strict regulatory guidelines to produce high-quality APIs. The demand for anesthetics remains consistently high, making this category of APIs a critical component of the pharmaceutical industry.
In conclusion, anesthetics are indispensable pharmaceutical APIs used to induce temporary loss of sensation or consciousness. They can be classified into general and local anesthetics, each serving distinct purposes in medical procedures. The proper development and manufacturing of anesthetics APIs are essential to ensure safe and effective pain management in various healthcare settings.
