Chloroxylenol API Manufacturers

General Description:

Chloroxylenol, identified by CAS number 88-04-0, is a notable compound with significant therapeutic applications. Chloroxylenol, or para-chloro-meta-xylenol (PCMX), is an antiseptic and disinfectant agent used for skin disinfection and surgical instruments. It is found in antibacterial soaps, wound-cleansing applications, and household antiseptics. The halophenol is shown to be most effective against Gram positive bacteria where it disrupts the cell wall due to its phenolic nature . Chloroxylenol is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

Indications:

This drug is primarily indicated for: The predominant medical applications for which chloroxylenol is formally indicated for therapeutic use is as an application to the skin for use in cuts, bites, stings, abrasions, and for use as antiseptic hand cleaner . Its use in specific medical scenarios underscores its importance in the therapeutic landscape.

Metabolism:

Chloroxylenol undergoes metabolic processing primarily in: Certain animal studies have shown that following dermal application of chloroxylenol, that the absorption was rapid with a Cmax = 1-2 hours, and that the administered substance was excreted via the kidney with almost complete elimination within 24 hours . The primary metabolites discovered in the excreted urine were glucuronides and sulfates . Some chloroxylenol monographs liken its pharmacokinetic profile to that of another antiseptic - triclosan - which is rapidly excreted in the urine also as a glucuronide metabolite, as observed in the human model . Moreover, In one human subject administered 5 mg intragluteally, 14% was excreted with glucuronic acid and 17% with sulfuric acid at 3 days . Any chloroxylenol absorbed into the body is likely extensively metabolized by the liver and rapidly excreted, mainly in the urine, as sulphate and glucuronide conjugates . This metabolic pathway ensures efficient processing of the drug, helping to minimize potential toxicity and side effects.

Absorption:

The absorption characteristics of Chloroxylenol are crucial for its therapeutic efficacy: No chloroxylenol was detected in the blood following the dermal administration of 2 g of p-chloroxylenol in an ethanol/olive oil vehicle in human subjects . After a dose of 5 g, only traces were found, after 8 g, 1 mg % (1 mg/dL) was found in the blood after 3 hours, and 4 mg % (4 mg/dL) after 24 hours . After a dose of 20 g, 4 mg % (4 mg/dL) was measured after half an hour, and 1 mg % (1 mg/dL) was present at 72 hours . For antiseptic purposes, chloroxylenol is considered to be well-absorbed when applied to the skin . The drug's ability to rapidly penetrate into cells ensures quick onset of action.

Half-life:

The half-life of Chloroxylenol is an important consideration for its dosing schedule: One study estimated the mean terminal half-life and mean residence time after a 200 mg intravenous single dose of chloroxylenol in healthy mongrel dog subjects to be 1.7 and 1.69 hours, respectively . Alternatively, some product monographs liken chloroxylenol to a similar liquid antiseptic, triclosan, whose calculated urinary excretion half-life in man is approximately 10 hours . This determines the duration of action and helps in formulating effective dosing regimens.

Protein Binding:

Chloroxylenol exhibits a strong affinity for binding with plasma proteins: One study determined the protein binding of chloroxylenol to be approximately 85.2% +/- 2.32% for serum albumin and 89.8% +/- 2.99% for whole human serum . This property plays a key role in the drug's pharmacokinetics and distribution within the body.

Route of Elimination:

The elimination of Chloroxylenol from the body primarily occurs through: The major route of excretion is likely in urine , although some amounts may be found in bile and traces in exhaled air . Understanding this pathway is essential for assessing potential drug accumulation and toxicity risks.

Volume of Distribution:

Chloroxylenol is distributed throughout the body with a volume of distribution of: The only data available regarding the volume of distribution of chloroxylenol is the mean Vss of 22.45 L determined after 200 mg intravenous single dose of chloroxylenol was administered to healthy mongrel dog subjects . This metric indicates how extensively the drug permeates into body tissues.

Clearance:

The clearance rate of Chloroxylenol is a critical factor in determining its safe and effective dosage: The only data available regarding the clearance of chloroxylenol is the mean clearance rate of 13.76 L/hr following a 200 mg intravenous single dose of the substance into healthy mongrel dog subjects . Moreover, in another study, when 8 g of chloroxylenol was administered dermal on a human subject in an alcohol/glycerin vehicle, 11% was excreted in 48 hours . It reflects the efficiency with which the drug is removed from the systemic circulation.

Pharmacodynamics:

Chloroxylenol exerts its therapeutic effects through: Chloroxylenol is a substituted phenol which has been widely used for many years as an ingredient of antiseptic and disinfectant products intended for external use . It is known to be bactericidal in low concentration to a wide range of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria . The drug's ability to modulate various physiological processes underscores its efficacy in treating specific conditions.

Mechanism of Action:

Chloroxylenol functions by: As a phenol antiseptic, it is believed that the hydroxyl -OH groups of the chloroxylenol molecule binds to certain proteins on the cell membrane of bacteria, and disrupts the membrane so as to allow the contents of the bacterial cell to leak out . This allows chloroxylenol to enter the bacterial cell to bind further with more proteins and enzymes to disable the cell's functioning . At particularly high concentrations of chloroxylenol, the protein and nucleic acid content of targeted bacterial cells become coagulated and cease to function, leading to rapid cell death . This mechanism highlights the drug's role in inhibiting or promoting specific biological pathways, contributing to its therapeutic effects.

Toxicity:

Classification:

Chloroxylenol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as meta cresols. These are aromatic compounds containing a meta-cresol moiety, which consists of a benzene ring bearing a methyl group and a hydroxyl group at ring positions 1 and 3, respectively, classified under the direct parent group Meta cresols. This compound is a part of the Organic compounds, falling under the Benzenoids superclass, and categorized within the Phenols class, specifically within the Cresols subclass.

Categories:

Chloroxylenol is categorized under the following therapeutic classes: Anti-Infective Agents, Anti-Infective Agents, Local, Antiparasitic Agents, Antiplatyhelmintic Agents, Antiseptics and Disinfectants, Benzene Derivatives, Compounds used in a research, industrial, or household setting, Dermatologicals, Disinfectants, Drugs that are Mainly Renally Excreted, Miscellaneous Local Anti-infectives, Phenol and Derivatives, Schistosomicides. These classifications highlight the drug's diverse therapeutic applications and its importance in treating various conditions.

Experimental Properties:

Further physical and chemical characteristics of Chloroxylenol include:

• Water Solubility: 0.03 g/100ml at 15 degrees Celsius, 0.5 g/100ml at 100 degrees Celsius
• Melting Point: 112-116 degrees Celsius
• Boiling Point: 246 degrees Celsius