Evening primrose oil API Manufacturers

General Description:

Evening primrose oil, identified by CAS number 308064-97-3, is a notable compound with significant therapeutic applications. Evening primrose oil comes from the extraction from _Oenothera biennis_ seeds and it is commonly used as an alternative source for omega-6 essential fatty acids. In its composition it presents some fatty acids such as and . Evening primrose oil has been filled for the FDA by Humanetics Corporation on April 2000 to be a new dietary ingredient but its current status is "Inadequate basis for expectation of safety". By Health Canada, evening primrose oil is approved in over-the-counter combination dietary supplements. By the EMA, evening primrose oil is approved in herbal preparations.

Indications:

This drug is primarily indicated for: Evening primrose oil is used as part of over-the-counter dietary supplements. It is also used for the treatment of systemic inflammatory diseases and for women's health conditions such as cyclical mastalgia. These indications do not have sufficient evidence of their effectiveness. It was used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in the United Kingdom but it is currently withdrawn due to lack of evidence of effectiveness. Its use in specific medical scenarios underscores its importance in the therapeutic landscape.

Metabolism:

Evening primrose oil undergoes metabolic processing primarily in: The main component of evening primrose oil, is usually desaturated by delta-6-desaturase which transforms this fatty acid to . This metabolic activity usually is limited by external factors such as stress, aging, alcohol, smoking, inflammation, diabetes, etc. In presence of these circumstances, the linoleic acid gets accumulated in the body and it inhibits the activity of the enzyme delta-6-desaturase. In proper conditions, forms by the action of elongases and it can further act as a substrate for production of prostaglandins or to be denaturated to arachidonic acid. This metabolic pathway ensures efficient processing of the drug, helping to minimize potential toxicity and side effects.

Absorption:

The absorption characteristics of Evening primrose oil are crucial for its therapeutic efficacy: The pharmacokinetics of evening primrose oil is mainly studied by analyzing its active ingredient . After administration, is rapidly absorbed and converted directly to and other precursors. When orally administered, the tmax was directly dependent to the time of administration, being of 2.7 hours in the evening and 4.4 hours in the morning. The Cmax and AUC were registered to be approximately 21 mcg/ml and 274 mcg.h/ml. The bioavailability of acid is influenced by triglyceride composition, cellular kinetics of phospholipases and acyltransferases. The drug's ability to rapidly penetrate into cells ensures quick onset of action.

Half-life:

The half-life of Evening primrose oil is an important consideration for its dosing schedule: No pharmacokinetic data available. This determines the duration of action and helps in formulating effective dosing regimens.

Protein Binding:

Evening primrose oil exhibits a strong affinity for binding with plasma proteins: No pharmacokinetic data available. This property plays a key role in the drug's pharmacokinetics and distribution within the body.

Route of Elimination:

The elimination of Evening primrose oil from the body primarily occurs through: The major components of the primrose oil are highly metabolized and the majority of the generated metabolites are excreted in the urine. Understanding this pathway is essential for assessing potential drug accumulation and toxicity risks.

Volume of Distribution:

Evening primrose oil is distributed throughout the body with a volume of distribution of: No pharmacokinetic data available. This metric indicates how extensively the drug permeates into body tissues.

Clearance:

The clearance rate of Evening primrose oil is a critical factor in determining its safe and effective dosage: No pharmacokinetic data available. It reflects the efficiency with which the drug is removed from the systemic circulation.

Pharmacodynamics:

Evening primrose oil exerts its therapeutic effects through: The effectivity of evening primrose oil is debatable as the evidence is very limited. Evening primrose oil improves the essential fatty acid content in plasma, erythrocyte, and platelet lipids. It has also been registered to increase alpha-tocopherol levels in non-diabetic and type I diabetic patients. Evening primrose oil affects the fatty acid composition of serum lipids and adipose tissue as well as it helps maintain normal cellular structures and it serves as a prostaglandin precursor. Administration of evening primrose oil is part of long-term therapy and thus, immediate results are never expected. The drug's ability to modulate various physiological processes underscores its efficacy in treating specific conditions.

Mechanism of Action:

Evening primrose oil functions by: Evening primrose oil presents a content of 74% and 9% from which the later seems to be the key active ingredient of this oil. These major essential fatty acids are required for the normal structure of cell membranes and they are not synthesized endogenously. The therapeutic activity of evening primrose oil is attributed to the direct action of its essential fatty acids on immune cells as well as to an indirect effect on the synthesis of eicosanoids. The actions of highly unsaturated fatty acids in tissues and eicosanoids are thought to be implicated in inflammatory and immunologic pathogeneses. The essential fatty acids found in evening primrose oil are involved in the biosynthesis of prostaglandin. For this activity, the main involved component is the . The presence of this essential fatty acid allows the synthesis of anti-inflammatory substances such as 15-hydroxy-eicosatrienoic acid and prostaglandin E1. This mechanism highlights the drug's role in inhibiting or promoting specific biological pathways, contributing to its therapeutic effects.

Toxicity:

Categories:

Evening primrose oil is categorized under the following therapeutic classes: Agents that reduce seizure threshold, Angiosperms, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antirheumatic Agents, Biological Products, Complex Mixtures, Dermatologicals, Dietary Fats, Unsaturated, Drugs that are Mainly Renally Excreted, Embryophyta, Eukaryota, Fatty Acids, Fatty Acids, Essential, Fatty Acids, Omega-6, Fatty Acids, Unsaturated, Hypolipidemic Agents, Linolenic Acids, Lipid Regulating Agents, Lipids, Oenothera, Oils, Onagraceae, Peripheral Nervous System Agents, Plant Oils, Plant Preparations, Sensory System Agents, Streptophyta, Tracheophyta, Viridiplantae. These classifications highlight the drug's diverse therapeutic applications and its importance in treating various conditions.

Experimental Properties:

Further physical and chemical characteristics of Evening primrose oil include:

• Water Solubility: Insoluble
• Boiling Point: 240 ºC