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D-alpha-Tocopherol acetate | CAS No: 58-95-7 | GMP-certified suppliers
A medication that provides antioxidant support to help prevent cardiovascular disease, enhance immune function, and support neurological and eye health in various patient populations.
Therapeutic categories
AntioxidantsBenzopyransBiological FactorsCompounds used in a research, industrial, or household settingDiet, Food, and NutritionFood
Generic name
D-alpha-Tocopherol acetate
Molecule type
small molecule
CAS number
58-95-7
DrugBank ID
DB14002
Approval status
Approved drug, Nutraceutical drug, Vet_approved drug
Primary indications
- _In addition to any following information, owing to d-alpha-Tocopherol acetate's closely related chemical nature with alpha-Tocopherol acetate, please also refer to the drug information page for alpha-Tocopherol acetate for further data
- _
- Vitamin E, known for its antioxidant activities, is protective against cardiovascular disease and some forms of cancer and has also demonstrated immune-enhancing effects
- It may be of limited benefit in some with asthma and rheumatoid arthritis
Product Snapshot
- D-alpha-Tocopherol acetate is formulated primarily as oral dosage forms including capsules, tablets, powders, as well as topical formulations such as lotions and pastes
- It is utilized for its antioxidant properties with potential applications in cardiovascular protection, immune enhancement, neurological conditions, and skin protection against UV damage
- The compound is approved or available as a nutraceutical in key regulatory markets including the US and Canada, with veterinary use also authorized
Clinical Overview
D-alpha-Tocopherol acetate (CAS number 58-95-7) is the acetate ester of RRR-alpha-tocopherol, the natural stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, which is the primary form of vitamin E utilized by the human body. This compound serves primarily as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat vitamin E deficiency, a condition that is rare and typically observed in individuals with fat malabsorption syndromes, premature infants with very low birth weight, or those with inherited disorders of fat metabolism.
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cellular membranes by scavenging endogenous free radicals, thus mitigating oxidative stress. The antioxidant property, while significant, does not fully account for its biological effects. Additional pharmacodynamic actions include anti-atherogenic, antithrombotic, anticoagulant, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, and antiviral effects. Mechanistically, d-alpha-tocopherol acetate inhibits low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and smooth muscle cell proliferation by suppressing protein kinase C activity, reducing atherogenesis. It also modulates endothelial adhesion molecules, enhances prostacyclin release to inhibit platelet aggregation, and downregulates the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor on platelets. Its metabolite, alpha-tocopheryl quinone, acts as an anticoagulant by inhibiting vitamin K-dependent carboxylase.
Upon oral administration, d-alpha-tocopherol acetate is absorbed in the small intestine, incorporated into chylomicrons, and transported via the lymphatic system. It undergoes hydrolysis to free alpha-tocopherol in the liver, which is preferentially retained and distributed to tissues. Elimination occurs mainly through biliary excretion and fecal elimination. The bioavailability of the natural RRR stereoisomer is superior compared to synthetic forms.
Safety considerations include vigilance for potential bleeding complications due to vitamin E’s anticoagulant effects, especially when combined with other anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents. High doses beyond established recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) are not generally supported due to limited evidence of clinical benefit and possible adverse effects.
D-alpha-tocopherol acetate is marketed globally in dietary supplements and functional food products. Commonly known formulations include standalone vitamin E capsules and multivitamin complexes. Regulatory status varies but typically classifies this compound as a nutraceutical or dietary ingredient.
From an API sourcing perspective, quality considerations include ensuring the stereochemical purity of the RRR-alpha-tocopherol isomer, confirming compliance with pharmacopeial standards for identity, purity, and potency, and verifying the absence of residual solvents or contaminants. Stability as the acetate form facilitates handling and formulation, but appropriate storage conditions to prevent oxidation are necessary. Establishing robust supplier qualification procedures is advisable to ensure consistent API quality for pharmaceutical or supplement manufacturing applications.
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cellular membranes by scavenging endogenous free radicals, thus mitigating oxidative stress. The antioxidant property, while significant, does not fully account for its biological effects. Additional pharmacodynamic actions include anti-atherogenic, antithrombotic, anticoagulant, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, and antiviral effects. Mechanistically, d-alpha-tocopherol acetate inhibits low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and smooth muscle cell proliferation by suppressing protein kinase C activity, reducing atherogenesis. It also modulates endothelial adhesion molecules, enhances prostacyclin release to inhibit platelet aggregation, and downregulates the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor on platelets. Its metabolite, alpha-tocopheryl quinone, acts as an anticoagulant by inhibiting vitamin K-dependent carboxylase.
Upon oral administration, d-alpha-tocopherol acetate is absorbed in the small intestine, incorporated into chylomicrons, and transported via the lymphatic system. It undergoes hydrolysis to free alpha-tocopherol in the liver, which is preferentially retained and distributed to tissues. Elimination occurs mainly through biliary excretion and fecal elimination. The bioavailability of the natural RRR stereoisomer is superior compared to synthetic forms.
Safety considerations include vigilance for potential bleeding complications due to vitamin E’s anticoagulant effects, especially when combined with other anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents. High doses beyond established recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) are not generally supported due to limited evidence of clinical benefit and possible adverse effects.
D-alpha-tocopherol acetate is marketed globally in dietary supplements and functional food products. Commonly known formulations include standalone vitamin E capsules and multivitamin complexes. Regulatory status varies but typically classifies this compound as a nutraceutical or dietary ingredient.
From an API sourcing perspective, quality considerations include ensuring the stereochemical purity of the RRR-alpha-tocopherol isomer, confirming compliance with pharmacopeial standards for identity, purity, and potency, and verifying the absence of residual solvents or contaminants. Stability as the acetate form facilitates handling and formulation, but appropriate storage conditions to prevent oxidation are necessary. Establishing robust supplier qualification procedures is advisable to ensure consistent API quality for pharmaceutical or supplement manufacturing applications.
Identification & chemistry
| Generic name | D-alpha-Tocopherol acetate |
|---|---|
| Molecule type | Small molecule |
| CAS | 58-95-7 |
| UNII | A7E6112E4N |
| DrugBank ID | DB14002 |
Pharmacology
| Summary | d-Alpha-Tocopherol acetate, a fat-soluble form of vitamin E, exerts antioxidant effects by protecting cells from oxidative damage. It modulates atherogenesis through inhibition of LDL oxidation and smooth muscle cell proliferation, and exhibits antithrombotic and anticoagulant activities by downregulating adhesion molecules and platelet aggregation pathways. Additional pharmacodynamic actions include neuroprotection, immunomodulation, and antiviral effects, mediated in part by its influence on cellular signaling pathways and membrane integrity. |
|---|---|
| Mechanism of action | _In addition to any following information, owing to d-alpha-Tocopherol acetate's closely related chemical nature with alpha-Tocopherol acetate, please also refer to the drug information page for alpha-Tocopherol acetate for further data._ Although all forms of Vitamin E exhibit antioxidant activity, it is known that the antioxidant activity of vitamin E is not sufficient to explain the vitamin's biological activity. <br/>Vitamin E's anti-atherogenic activity involves the inhibition of the oxidation of LDL and the accumulation of oxLDL in the arterial wall. It also appears to reduce oxLDL-induced apoptosis in human endothelial cells. Oxidation of LDL is a key early step in atherogenesis as it triggers a number of events which lead to the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. In addition, vitamin E inhibits protein kinase C (PKC) activity. PKC plays a role in smooth muscle cell proliferation, and, thus, the inhibition of PKC results in inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation, which is involved in atherogenesis. <br/>Vitamin E's antithrombotic and anticoagulant activities involves the downregulation of the expression of intracellular cell adhesion molecule(ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule(VCAM)-1 which lowers the adhesion of blood components to the endothelium. In addition, vitamin E upregulates the expression of cytosolic phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 which in turn enhances the release of prostacyclin. Prostacyclin is a vasodilating factor and inhibitor of platelet aggregation and platelet release. It is also known that platelet aggregation is mediated by a mechanism involving the binding of fibrinogen to the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) complex of platelets. GPIIb/IIIa is the major membrane receptor protein that is key to the role of the platelet aggregation response. GPIIb is the alpha-subunit of this platelet membrane protein. Alpha-tocopherol downregulates GPIIb promoter activity which results in reduction of GPIIb protein expression and decreased platelet aggregation. Vitamin E has also been found in culture to decrease plasma production of thrombin, a protein which binds to platelets and induces aggregation. A metabolite of vitamin E called vitamin E quinone or alpha-tocopheryl quinone (TQ) is a potent anticoagulant. This metabolite inhibits vitamin K-dependent carboxylase, which is a major enzyme in the coagulation cascade.<br/>The neuroprotective effects of vitamin E are explained by its antioxidant effects. Many disorders of the nervous system are caused by oxidative stress. Vitamin E protects against this stress, thereby protecting the nervouse system. <br/>The immunomodulatory effects of Vitamin E have been demonstrated in vitro, where alpha-tocopherol increases mitogenic response of T lymphocytes from aged mice. The mechanism of this response by vitamin E is not well understood, however it has been suggested that vitamin E itself may have mitogenic activity independent of its antioxidant activity. <br/>Lastly, the mechanism of action of vitamin E's antiviral effects (primarily against HIV-1) involves its antioxidant activity. Vitamin E reduces oxidative stress, which is thought to contribute to HIV-1 pathogenesis, as well as to the pathogenesis of other viral infections. Vitamin E also affects membrane integrity and fluidity and, since HIV-1 is a membraned virus, altering membrane fluidity of HIV-1 may interfere with its ability to bind to cell-receptor sites, thus decreasing its infectivity. |
| Pharmacodynamics | _In addition to any following information, owing to d-alpha-Tocopherol acetate's closely related chemical nature with alpha-Tocopherol acetate, please also refer to the drug information page for alpha-Tocopherol acetate for further data._ Vitamin E has antioxidant activity. It may also have anti-atherogenic, antithrombotic, anticoagulant, neuroprotective, antiviral, immunomodulatory, cell membrane-stabilizing and antiproliferative actions. Vitamin E is a collective term used to describe eight separate forms, the best-known form being alpha-tocopherol. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin and is an important antioxidant. It acts to protect cells against the effects of free radicals, which are potentially damaging by-products of the body's metabolism. Vitamin E is often used in skin creams and lotions because it is believed to play a role in encouraging skin healing and reducing scarring after injuries such as burns. There are three specific situations when a vitamin E deficiency is likely to occur. It is seen in persons who cannot absorb dietary fat, has been found in premature, very low birth weight infants (birth weights less than 1500 grams, or 3½ pounds), and is seen in individuals with rare disorders of fat metabolism. A vitamin E deficiency is usually characterized by neurological problems due to poor nerve conduction. Symptoms may include infertility, neuromuscular impairment, menstrual problems, miscarriage and uterine degradation. Preliminary research has led to a widely held belief that vitamin E may help prevent or delay coronary heart disease. Antioxidants such as vitamin E help protect against the damaging effects of free radicals, which may contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer. It also protects other fat-soluble vitamins (A and B group vitamins) from destruction by oxygen. Low levels of vitamin E have been linked to increased incidence of breast and colon cancer. |
Targets
| Target | Organism | Actions |
|---|---|---|
| SEC14-like protein 3 | Humans | |
| SEC14-like protein 2 | Humans | |
| Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 | Humans |
ADME / PK
| Absorption | _In addition to any following information, owing to d-alpha-Tocopherol acetate's closely related chemical nature with alpha-Tocopherol acetate, please also refer to the drug information page for alpha-Tocopherol acetate for further data._ 50 to 80% absorbed from gastrointestinal tract. |
|---|---|
| Half-life | _In addition to any following information, owing to d-alpha-Tocopherol acetate's closely related chemical nature with alpha-Tocopherol acetate, please also refer to the drug information page for alpha-Tocopherol acetate for further data._ |
| Protein binding | _In addition to any following information, owing to d-alpha-Tocopherol acetate's closely related chemical nature with alpha-Tocopherol acetate, please also refer to the drug information page for alpha-Tocopherol acetate for further data._ Bound to beta-lipoproteins in blood. |
| Metabolism | _In addition to any following information, owing to d-alpha-Tocopherol acetate's closely related chemical nature with alpha-Tocopherol acetate, please also refer to the drug information page for alpha-Tocopherol acetate for further data._ Hepatic. |
| Route of elimination | _In addition to any following information, owing to d-alpha-Tocopherol acetate's closely related chemical nature with alpha-Tocopherol acetate, please also refer to the drug information page for alpha-Tocopherol acetate for further data._ |
| Volume of distribution | _In addition to any following information, owing to d-alpha-Tocopherol acetate's closely related chemical nature with alpha-Tocopherol acetate, please also refer to the drug information page for alpha-Tocopherol acetate for further data._ |
| Clearance | _In addition to any following information, owing to d-alpha-Tocopherol acetate's closely related chemical nature with alpha-Tocopherol acetate, please also refer to the drug information page for alpha-Tocopherol acetate for further data._ |
Formulation & handling
- D-alpha-Tocopherol acetate is a small molecule primarily formulated for oral administration, with additional topical applications available.
- Its high lipophilicity (LogP 10.42) and extremely low water solubility necessitate lipid-based or non-aqueous formulations for optimal bioavailability.
- Stability considerations include protection from oxidation and light exposure due to its sensitivity as a vitamin E derivative.
Regulatory status
| Lifecycle | The API's patent protection has expired in both the US and Canada, resulting in a mature market with available generic alternatives. Market activity is primarily focused on established formulations with competitive pricing. |
|---|
| Markets | US, Canada |
|---|
Supply Chain
| Supply chain summary | The manufacturing landscape for D-alpha-Tocopherol acetate includes several originator companies supplying branded products primarily in the US and Canadian markets. Branded formulations such as Active OB and Aquasol E Capsules demonstrate established presence in these regions. Patent expirations suggest the potential for existing or upcoming generic competition within these markets. |
|---|
Safety
| Toxicity | _In addition to any following information, owing to d-alpha-Tocopherol acetate's closely related chemical nature with alpha-Tocopherol acetate, please also refer to the drug information page for alpha-Tocopherol acetate for further data._ |
|---|
High Level Warnings:
- Handle d-alpha-Tocopherol acetate with adherence to established safety procedures for alpha-Tocopherol acetate due to their closely related chemical structures and toxicity profiles
- Avoid inhalation and prolonged skin contact to minimize potential local irritation or sensitization
- Store under recommended conditions to preserve chemical stability and prevent degradation
D-alpha-Tocopherol acetate is a type of Antioxidants
Antioxidants are a vital category of pharmaceutical Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) that play a crucial role in preventing oxidative damage and promoting overall health. Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's antioxidant defense mechanisms.
Antioxidants function by neutralizing ROS and minimizing the potential harm they can cause to cells and tissues. This category includes a diverse range of compounds, such as vitamins (e.
g.
, vitamin C, vitamin E), minerals (e.
g.
, selenium, zinc), and phytochemicals (e.
g.
, polyphenols, flavonoids). These antioxidants can be obtained from natural sources like fruits, vegetables, and herbs, or they can be synthesized in laboratories for pharmaceutical use.
The role of antioxidants in the prevention and treatment of various diseases has been extensively studied. They have demonstrated the ability to reduce the risk of chronic diseases like cardiovascular disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative conditions. Moreover, antioxidants exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, enhance immune function, and protect against age-related damage.
In the pharmaceutical industry, antioxidants are widely utilized as key ingredients in the formulation of drugs, dietary supplements, and cosmetic products. They contribute to the stability and shelf life of pharmaceutical preparations by preventing oxidative degradation. Antioxidant APIs are manufactured with strict quality control measures to ensure purity, efficacy, and safety.
In conclusion, antioxidants are essential pharmaceutical APIs that provide numerous health benefits. Their ability to counteract oxidative stress and protect cells from damage makes them a valuable component in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. The pharmaceutical industry relies on these antioxidants to enhance the quality and efficacy of their products, making them indispensable in the field of healthcare.
D-alpha-Tocopherol acetate API manufacturers & distributors
Compare qualified D-alpha-Tocopherol acetate API suppliers worldwide. We currently have 1 companies offering D-alpha-Tocopherol acetate API, with manufacturing taking place in 1 different countries. Use the table below to review supplier type, countries of origin, certifications, product portfolio and GMP audit availability.
| Supplier | Type | Country | Product origin | Certifications | Portfolio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Farmasino Co.,LTD | Producer | China | China | CEP, CoA, FDA, GMP, MSDS | 12 products |
When sending a request, specify which D-alpha-Tocopherol acetate API quality you need: for example EP (Ph. Eur.), USP, JP, BP, or another pharmacopoeial standard, as well as the required grade (base, salt, micronised, specific purity, etc.).
Use the list above to find high-quality D-alpha-Tocopherol acetate API suppliers. For example, you can select GMP, FDA or ISO certified suppliers. Visit our help page to learn more about sourcing APIs via Pharmaoffer.
