Butamben API Manufacturers

General Description:

Butamben, identified by CAS number 94-25-7, is a notable compound with significant therapeutic applications. Butamben is a local anesthetic in the form of n-butyl-p-aminobenzoate. Its structure corresponds to the standard molecule of a hydrophilic and hydrophobic domain separated by an intermediate ester found in most of the local anesthetics. Due to its very low water solubility, butamben is considered to be suitable only for topical anesthesia. The FDA removed all parenteral butamben products from the market, possibly due to the poor solubility of this drug.

Indications:

This drug is primarily indicated for: Butamben was indicated for the treatment of chronic pain due to its long-duration effect. It is also indicated as a surface anesthetic for skin a mucous membrane and for the relief of pain and pruritus associated with anorectal disorders. Its use in specific medical scenarios underscores its importance in the therapeutic landscape.

Metabolism:

Butamben undergoes metabolic processing primarily in: The metabolic pathway of butamben follows the same pattern of other local anesthetics and it is driven mainly by the hydrolysis via cholinesterase for the formation of inert metabolites. This metabolic pathway ensures efficient processing of the drug, helping to minimize potential toxicity and side effects.

Absorption:

The absorption characteristics of Butamben are crucial for its therapeutic efficacy: When butamben is administered epidurally in a suspension form, the physical characteristics of butamben allow a very slow release. When administered topically, butamben is also reported to have a very low systemic absorption which allows for a longer duration of action. The drug's ability to rapidly penetrate into cells ensures quick onset of action.

Half-life:

The half-life of Butamben is an important consideration for its dosing schedule: The effective half-life of unencapsulated butamben is registered to be of 90 minutes. Some efforts were made to prepare D, L-lactic acid capsules which increased the half-life of butamben to even 400 hours. This determines the duration of action and helps in formulating effective dosing regimens.

Protein Binding:

Butamben exhibits a strong affinity for binding with plasma proteins: As all other local anesthetics, it is thought that butamben will be highly bound to plasma proteins, mainly to alpha-1-acid glycoprotein. This property plays a key role in the drug's pharmacokinetics and distribution within the body.

Route of Elimination:

The elimination of Butamben from the body primarily occurs through: The metabolites found in plasma after cholinesterase processing are disposed of in the urine. Understanding this pathway is essential for assessing potential drug accumulation and toxicity risks.

Volume of Distribution:

Butamben is distributed throughout the body with a volume of distribution of: This pharmacokinetic property has not been determined. This metric indicates how extensively the drug permeates into body tissues.

Clearance:

The clearance rate of Butamben is a critical factor in determining its safe and effective dosage: Clearance is flow-limited and it highly depends on the state of protein-bound form. It reflects the efficiency with which the drug is removed from the systemic circulation.

Pharmacodynamics:

Butamben exerts its therapeutic effects through: Butamben has been shown to selectively inhibit dorsal root pain signal transmission for periods of months when administered as epidural suspensions. The effect of butamben is not related to any significant loss of motor function which indicates that it targets specifically the pain-sensing C fibers of the dorsal root. When administered topically, butamben produced anesthesia by accumulating in the nerve cell membrane causing it to expand and lose its ability to depolarize and blocking the impulse transmission. The drug's ability to modulate various physiological processes underscores its efficacy in treating specific conditions.

Mechanism of Action:

Butamben functions by: Butamben acts by inhibiting the voltage-gated calcium channels in dorsal root ganglion neurons. The modification in this channels is thought to cause a disturbance of the channel kinetics acceleration. It is reported as well that butamben is an inhibitor of the sodium channels and a delayed rectifier of potassium currents. All the effects of butamben are performed in the root ganglion neurons which suggests that the related anesthetic effect may be caused by the reduced electrical excitability. This mechanism highlights the drug's role in inhibiting or promoting specific biological pathways, contributing to its therapeutic effects.

Toxicity:

Classification:

Butamben belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzoic acid esters. These are ester derivatives of benzoic acid, classified under the direct parent group Benzoic acid esters. This compound is a part of the Organic compounds, falling under the Benzenoids superclass, and categorized within the Benzene and substituted derivatives class, specifically within the Benzoic acids and derivatives subclass.

Categories:

Butamben is categorized under the following therapeutic classes: Acids, Carbocyclic, Aminobenzoates, Anesthetics, Anesthetics, Local, Benzene Derivatives, Benzoates, Central Nervous System Agents, Central Nervous System Depressants, Cholinesterase substrates, Drugs that are Mainly Renally Excreted, para-Aminobenzoates, Peripheral Nervous System Agents, Sensory System Agents. These classifications highlight the drug's diverse therapeutic applications and its importance in treating various conditions.

Experimental Properties:

Further physical and chemical characteristics of Butamben include:

• Water Solubility: 140 mg/L
• Melting Point: 58 ºC
• Boiling Point: 173.5 ºC
• logP: 2.87
• pKa: 2.472