Xylitol API Manufacturers

General Description:

Xylitol, identified by CAS number 87-99-0, is a notable compound with significant therapeutic applications. Xylitol is a naturally occurring five-carbon sugar alcohol found in most plant material, including many fruits and vegetables. Xylitol-rich plant materials include birch and beechwood . It is widely used as a sugar substitute and in "sugar-free" food products. The effects of xylitol on dental caries have been widely studied, and xylitol is added to some chewing gums and other oral care products to prevent tooth decay and dry mouth. Xylitol is a non-fermentable sugar alcohol by most plaque bacteria, indicating that it cannot be fermented into cariogenic acid end-products . It works by inhibiting the growth of the microorganisms present in plaque and saliva after it accummulates intracellularly into the microorganism . The recommended dose of xylitol for dental caries prevention is 6–10 g/day, and most adults can tolerate 40 g/day without adverse events .

Indications:

This drug is primarily indicated for: Indicated for use as a sugar substitute, and oral hygiene active ingredient. Its use in specific medical scenarios underscores its importance in the therapeutic landscape.

Metabolism:

Xylitol undergoes metabolic processing primarily in: In mammals, xylitol is mainly metabolized in the liver where it is oxidized to D-xylulose by xylitol dehydrogenase and cofactor NAD. D-xyluose is further phosphorylated and metabolized by xylulose kinase to xylulose 5-phosphate (Xu5P), an intermediate of the nonoxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway . Xu5P is reported to activate nuclear transport and the DNA-binding activities of carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) via activation of activation of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) _in vitro_ . Activation of ChREBP thereby upregulates the gene transcription of lipogenic enzymes in vitro, which may stimulate lipogenesis in the liver . This metabolic pathway ensures efficient processing of the drug, helping to minimize potential toxicity and side effects.

Absorption:

The absorption characteristics of Xylitol are crucial for its therapeutic efficacy: Xylitol is absorbed in the small intestine via passive diffusion with a slow absorption rate . The drug's ability to rapidly penetrate into cells ensures quick onset of action.

Half-life:

The half-life of Xylitol is an important consideration for its dosing schedule: No pharmacokinetic data available. This determines the duration of action and helps in formulating effective dosing regimens.

Protein Binding:

Xylitol exhibits a strong affinity for binding with plasma proteins: No pharmacokinetic data available. This property plays a key role in the drug's pharmacokinetics and distribution within the body.

Route of Elimination:

The elimination of Xylitol from the body primarily occurs through: No pharmacokinetic data available. Understanding this pathway is essential for assessing potential drug accumulation and toxicity risks.

Volume of Distribution:

Xylitol is distributed throughout the body with a volume of distribution of: No pharmacokinetic data available. This metric indicates how extensively the drug permeates into body tissues.

Clearance:

The clearance rate of Xylitol is a critical factor in determining its safe and effective dosage: No pharmacokinetic data available. It reflects the efficiency with which the drug is removed from the systemic circulation.

Pharmacodynamics:

Xylitol exerts its therapeutic effects through: There has been evidence of xylitol in dental hygiene in reducing dental caries disease and also reversing the process of early caries . Xylitol increases salivary flow and pH, reduces the levels of _Streptococcus mutans_ in plaque and saliva and reduces the adhesion on the microorganism to the teeth surface . _Streptococcus mutans_ is the main target plaque microorganism , but xylitol may potentially have inhibitory actions against several other bacterial species . It prevents a shift of the bacterial community towards a more cariogenic microflora in oral environment . Oral ingestion of xylitol causes a smaller rise in plasma glucose and insulin concentrations than does the ingestion of glucose in healthy men and diabetics . The drug's ability to modulate various physiological processes underscores its efficacy in treating specific conditions.

Mechanism of Action:

Xylitol functions by: Xylitol is initially taken up by the microorganism and accumulates intracellularly. Accumulated xylitol is transported into an energy-consuming cycle, or the inducible fructose transport system. It is converted to non-metabolizable, toxic xylitol-5-phosphate via phosphoenolpyruvate: a constitutive fructose phosphotransferase system by _S. mutans_ . This metabolic process of xylitol, without the gain of any energy molecules, results in the development of intracellular vacuoles and cell membrane degradation. _S. mutans_ dephosphorylates xylitol-5-phosphate and expels it from the cell, in which requires energy consumption. This ultimately leading to starving of microorganism and growth inhibition . Long-term exposure to xylitol can cause microorganisms to develop resistance to xylitol. This clinically beneficial selection process creates xylitol-resistant mutans strains that are less virulent and less cariogenic than their parent strains . Xylitol also increases the concentrations of ammonia and amino acids in plaque, thereby neutralizing plaque acids . A study suggests that xylitol may also promote remineralization of deeper layers of demineralized enamel by facilitating Ca2+ and phosphate movement and accessibility . This mechanism highlights the drug's role in inhibiting or promoting specific biological pathways, contributing to its therapeutic effects.

Toxicity:

Classification:

Xylitol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sugar alcohols. These are hydrogenated forms of carbohydrate in which the carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone, reducing sugar) has been reduced to a primary or secondary hydroxyl group, classified under the direct parent group Sugar alcohols. This compound is a part of the Organic compounds, falling under the Organic oxygen compounds superclass, and categorized within the Organooxygen compounds class, specifically within the Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates subclass.

Categories:

Xylitol is categorized under the following therapeutic classes: Alcohols, Carbohydrates, Compounds used in a research, industrial, or household setting, Diet, Food, and Nutrition, Flavoring Agents, Food, Food Additives, Food Ingredients, Physiological Phenomena, Sugar Alcohols, Sweetening Agents. These classifications highlight the drug's diverse therapeutic applications and its importance in treating various conditions.

Experimental Properties:

Further physical and chemical characteristics of Xylitol include:

• Melting Point: 92-96
• Boiling Point: 215-217