Magnesium gluconate API Manufacturers

General Description:

Magnesium gluconate, identified by CAS number 59625-89-7, is a notable compound with significant therapeutic applications. Magnesium gluconate is a magnesium salt of gluconate. It demonstrates the highest oral bioavailability of magnesium salts and is used as a mineral supplement. Magnesium is ubiquitous in the human body, and is naturally present in many foods, added to other food products, available as a dietary supplement and used as an ingredient in some medicines (such as antacids and laxatives) . Although magnesium is available in the form of sulphates, lactate, hydroxide, oxide and chloride, only magnesium gluconate is recommended for magnesium supplementation as it appears to be better absorbed and causes less diarrha . This drug has been studied in the prevention of pregnancy-induced hypertension, and has displayed promising results . In addition, it has been studied for its effects on premature uterine contractions .

Indications:

This drug is primarily indicated for: Magnesium gluconate is a mineral supplement which is used to prevent and treat low levels of magnesium. Magnesium is very important for the normal physiologic functioning of cells, nerves, muscles, bones, and the heart. Generally, a well-balanced diet provides the necessary amounts of magnesium for homeostasis. However, certain conditions causing chronic magnesium deficiency may decrease levels of magnesium. These conditions include treatment with diuretics, a poor diet, alcoholism, or other medical conditions (e.g, severe diarrhea/vomiting, stomach/intestinal absorption problems, poorly controlled diabetes) . Its use in specific medical scenarios underscores its importance in the therapeutic landscape.

Absorption:

The absorption characteristics of Magnesium gluconate are crucial for its therapeutic efficacy: A high-fat diet may decrease the amount of magnesium absorbed in the diet. Over-cooking food also may decrease the amount of magnesium absorbed from dietary sources . About 1/3 of magnesium is absorbed from the small intestine. The fraction of magnesium absorbed is inversely proportional to amount ingested . Oral absorption is estimated to be 15% to 30% . The drug's ability to rapidly penetrate into cells ensures quick onset of action.

Protein Binding:

Magnesium gluconate exhibits a strong affinity for binding with plasma proteins: Approximately 25-30% . Of the protein bound fraction, 60–70% is associated with albumin and the rest is bound to other globulins . This property plays a key role in the drug's pharmacokinetics and distribution within the body.

Route of Elimination:

The elimination of Magnesium gluconate from the body primarily occurs through: Oral: Via urine (absorbed fraction); feces (unabsorbed fraction) . Phosphate depletion is associated with a significant increase in urinary magnesium excretion and may lead to hypomagnesemia. Hypercalcemia is associated with an increased urinary excretion of magnesium. The increase in magnesium excretion in hypercalcemia is greater than the increase in calcium excretion and is due to decreased reabsorption in the loop of Henle. Hypercalcaemia leads to a reduction in isotonic reabsorption in the proximal renal tubule causing greater delivery of sodium, water, calcium and magnesium to the loop of Henle. As a result of this increased flow to thick ascending loop of henle, calcium and magnesium transport may be inhibited. In addition, the high peritubular concentration of calcium directly inhibits the transport of both ions in this segment . Osmotic diuretics such as mannitol and glucose cause a marked increase in magnesium excretion. Loop diuretics induce hypermagnesuria, and the increase in magnesium excretion is greater than that of sodium or calcium suggesting that loop diuretics may directly inhibit magnesium transport . Understanding this pathway is essential for assessing potential drug accumulation and toxicity risks.

Volume of Distribution:

Magnesium gluconate is distributed throughout the body with a volume of distribution of: About 60% of the magnesium is present in bone, of which 30% is exchangeable and functions as a reservoir to stabilize the serum concentration. About 20% is found in skeletal muscle, 19% in other soft tissues and less than 1% in the extracellular fluid. Skeletal muscle and liver contain between 7–9 mmol/Kg wet tissue; between 20–30% of this is readily exchangeable. In healthy adults, the total serum magnesium is in the range of 0.70 and 1.10 mmol/L. Approximately 20% of this is protein bound, 65% is ionized and the rest is combined with various anions such as phosphate and citrate . This metric indicates how extensively the drug permeates into body tissues.

Clearance:

The clearance rate of Magnesium gluconate is a critical factor in determining its safe and effective dosage: The kidney plays a major role in magnesium homeostasis and the maintenance of plasma magnesium concentration. Under normal circumstances, when 80% of the total plasma magnesium is ultrafiltrable, 84 mmol of magnesium is filtered daily and 95% of this amount it reabsorbed leaving about 3–5 mmol to be excreted in the urine . It reflects the efficiency with which the drug is removed from the systemic circulation.

Pharmacodynamics:

Magnesium gluconate exerts its therapeutic effects through: Magnesium is a cofactor in over 300 enzyme systems that regulate a variety of biochemical reactions in the body, including protein synthesis, muscle and nerve function, blood glucose control, and blood pressure regulation. Magnesium is necessary for energy production, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis . The drug's ability to modulate various physiological processes underscores its efficacy in treating specific conditions.

Mechanism of Action:

Magnesium gluconate functions by: Replaces deficient circulating levels of magnesium . By competing with calcium for membrane binding sites and by stimulating calcium sequestration by sarcoplasmic reticulum, magnesium helps in the maintenance of a low resting intracellular free calcium ion concentration, which is essential in various cellular functions. The electrical properties of membranes and their permeability characteristics are also affected by magnesium . Magnesium is essential to many enzymatic reactions in the body, serving as a cofactor in protein synthesis and in carbohydrate metabolism . Magnesium contributes to the structural development of bone and is also essential in the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and the antioxidant glutathione. Magnesium also plays an important role in the active transport of calcium and potassium ions across cell membranes, a process which is important to nerve impulse conduction, muscle contraction, and normal heart rhythm . In addition to the above, magnesium is an essential mineral required for the regulation of body temperature, nucleic acid and protein synthesis, and in preserving nerve and muscle cell electrical potentials. Magnesium supplementation during pregnancy may help to reduce fetal growth restriction and pre-eclampsia, as well to increase birth weight . This mechanism highlights the drug's role in inhibiting or promoting specific biological pathways, contributing to its therapeutic effects.

Toxicity:

Classification:

Magnesium gluconate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sugar acids and derivatives. These are compounds containing a saccharide unit which bears a carboxylic acid group, classified under the direct parent group Sugar acids and derivatives. This compound is a part of the Organic compounds, falling under the Organic oxygen compounds superclass, and categorized within the Organooxygen compounds class, specifically within the Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates subclass.

Categories:

Magnesium gluconate is categorized under the following therapeutic classes: Acids, Acyclic, Agents that produce neuromuscular block (indirect), Alimentary Tract and Metabolism, Carbohydrates, Hydroxy Acids, Magnesium Compounds, Metal cations, Metal divalent cations, Mineral Supplements, Sugar Acids. These classifications highlight the drug's diverse therapeutic applications and its importance in treating various conditions.

Experimental Properties:

Further physical and chemical characteristics of Magnesium gluconate include:

• Water Solubility: Soluble in cold water
• Boiling Point: 673
• logP: -3.175