Queuine API Manufacturers

General Description:

Queuine, identified by CAS number 72496-59-4, is a notable compound with significant therapeutic applications. Queuine is a derivative of . Bacteria possess the exclusive ability to synthesize queuine, which is then salvaged and passed on to plants and animals. Quantities of queuine have been found in tomatoes, wheat, coconut water, and milk from humans, cows, and goats. Humans salvage and recover queuine from either ingested food or the gut flora. All eukaryotic organisms, including humans, transform queuine to queuosine by placing it in the wobble position (anticodon) of several tRNAs including aspartic acid, asparagine, histidine, and tyrosine. Endogenously, it has been determined that queuine contributes to generating various important biochemicals like tyrosine, serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, nitric oxide, lipids, and others .

Indications:

This drug is primarily indicated for: Current and on-going research suggests queuine is a natural biochemical compound that can be found endogenously in the human body and plays an essential role in the generation of other critical bodily chemicals including tyrosine, serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, nitric oxide, lipids, and others . Such research subsequently proposes that if queuine could be utilized as a pharmaceutic, that it may be considered a so-called 'putative longevity vitamin' indicated for age-delaying and/or prolonged survival functionality (perhaps via maintaining the ongoing generation of the aforementioned bodily chemicals) for the human body . Its use in specific medical scenarios underscores its importance in the therapeutic landscape.

Metabolism:

Queuine undergoes metabolic processing primarily in: Data regarding the metabolism of queuine is not readily available or accessible. This metabolic pathway ensures efficient processing of the drug, helping to minimize potential toxicity and side effects.

Absorption:

The absorption characteristics of Queuine are crucial for its therapeutic efficacy: Humans recover queuine from either ingested food or the gut flora . The proportion of queuine salvaged and absorbed from the normal turnover process of human microbiota has not yet been determined, but it may be significant given the number of microorganisms in the human gastrointestinal tract . Furthermore, it is believed that there may exist a dedicated transporter for queuine, considering various purines, purine-derivatives and base analogs are incapable of affecting queuine transport in competitive uptake experiments . The drug's ability to rapidly penetrate into cells ensures quick onset of action.

Half-life:

The half-life of Queuine is an important consideration for its dosing schedule: Data regarding the half-life of queuine is not readily available or accessible. This determines the duration of action and helps in formulating effective dosing regimens.

Protein Binding:

Queuine exhibits a strong affinity for binding with plasma proteins: Data regarding the protein binding of queuine is not readily available or accessible. This property plays a key role in the drug's pharmacokinetics and distribution within the body.

Route of Elimination:

The elimination of Queuine from the body primarily occurs through: Data regarding the route of elimination of queuine is not readily available or accessible. Understanding this pathway is essential for assessing potential drug accumulation and toxicity risks.

Volume of Distribution:

Queuine is distributed throughout the body with a volume of distribution of: Data regarding the volume of distribution of queuine is not readily available or accessible. This metric indicates how extensively the drug permeates into body tissues.

Clearance:

The clearance rate of Queuine is a critical factor in determining its safe and effective dosage: Data regarding the clearance of queuine is not readily available or accessible. It reflects the efficiency with which the drug is removed from the systemic circulation.

Pharmacodynamics:

Queuine exerts its therapeutic effects through: Studies have demonstrated that a deficiency in queuine in in-vitro human cells and in animals results in a decreased level of the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) . Since BH4 is a necessary cofactor for the transformation of phenylalanine to tyrosine, of tryptophan to serotonin, of tyrosine to dopamine (dopamine, which itself is further converted into epinephrine and norepinephrine), of arginine to nitric oxide, and for the oxidation of alkyl glycerol lipids , it is proposed that queuine plays an important pharmacodynamic role in the generation and maintenance of these essential biochemical compounds . The drug's ability to modulate various physiological processes underscores its efficacy in treating specific conditions.

Mechanism of Action:

Queuine functions by: Certain studies have shown that queuine-deficient mice became tyrosine deficient and expired within eighteen days of being withdrawn from a queuine containing diet . Considering tyrosine is generally a nonessential amino acid, it is presumed that the expiration of the mice was due to a resultant deficiency in the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) (which does contribute to the generation of tyrosine), the endogenous generation of which queuine is believed to contribute to . As a result, one of the potential mechanisms of action by which queuine may act as a vitamin for age-delaying and/or prolonged survival functionality speaks to the plausible essentiality of BH4 for partaking in activities like the hydroxylation of tryptophan to produce serotonin for numerous neurological functions like controlling executive function and playing a part in the pathophysiology of autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity, bipolar, and schizophrenia disorders . Elsewhere, another study has also demonstrated that queuine and the use of a synthetic analog have been effective in eliciting full remission in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, particularly via the importance of tRNA guanine transglycosylase (TGT) present in the animal model to utilize the queuine analog substrate . Essentially, animals deficient in TGT are incapable of using queuine or any synthetic analog of the biochemical to modify tRNA to produce queuosine for further related downstream pharmacodynamics and fail to respond to such therapy . Although the specific mechanism of action beyond these actions has not yet been formally elucidated, these actions suggest that some manner of modulation of protein translation may be the principal means via which this therapeutic effect is elicited . In human cells, queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase (QTRT-1) interacts with queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase subunit QTRTD1 to form an active queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase . This enzyme exchanges queuine for the guanine at the wobble position of tRNAs with GU(N) anticodons (tRNA-Asp, -Asn, -His and -Tyr), thereby forming the hypermodified nucleoside queuosine . This mechanism highlights the drug's role in inhibiting or promoting specific biological pathways, contributing to its therapeutic effects.

Toxicity:

Classification:

Queuine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines. These are aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds containing a pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine ring system, which is an pyrrolopyrimidine isomers having the 3 ring nitrogen atoms at the 1-, 5-, and 7-positions, classified under the direct parent group Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines. This compound is a part of the Organic compounds, falling under the Organoheterocyclic compounds superclass, and categorized within the Pyrrolopyrimidines class, specifically within the Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines subclass.

Categories:

Queuine is categorized under the following therapeutic classes: Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring, Purines, Purinones. These classifications highlight the drug's diverse therapeutic applications and its importance in treating various conditions.