Telotristat ethyl API Manufacturers

General Description:

Telotristat ethyl, identified by CAS number 1033805-22-9, is a notable compound with significant therapeutic applications. Telotristat ethyl is a prodrug of telotristat that was approved by the FDA in March 2017 as Xermelo. It was previously referred to as telotristat etiprate, the hippurate salt form; however, the FDA recommends the use of the name of the neutral form rather than that of the salt. Currently, telotristat ethyl is used to treat carcinoid syndrome diarrhea from neuroendocrine tumors that are inadequately controlled by short-acting somatostatin analog (SSA) treatment. Neuroendocrine cells are cells that secrete regulatory peptides and biogenic amines in response to chemical, neural, or other types of stimuli. Neuroendocrine tumors (NET) arising from these cells can therefore secrete chemical mediators into the bloodstream to cause side effects in distant sites, a phenomenon called carcinoid syndrome. The most common peptides and amines secreted by NET are histamines, tachykinins, kallikrein, and serotonin. Overexposure to serotonin can cause severe diarrhea, one of the main clinical symptoms of carcinoid syndrome. Serotonin is metabolized in the urinary metabolite 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid (u5-HIAA), and high levels of u5-HIAA is associated with poor survival outcome in patients with NET. The first line treatment of carcinoid syndrome diarrhea is SSA, but symptoms still reoccur over the course of the disease.

Indications:

This drug is primarily indicated for: Xermelo is indicated for the treatment of carcinoid syndrome diarrhea in combination with somatostatin analog (SSA) therapy in adults inadequately controlled by SSA therapy. Its use in specific medical scenarios underscores its importance in the therapeutic landscape.

Metabolism:

Telotristat ethyl undergoes metabolic processing primarily in: After oral administration, telotristat ethyl undergoes hydrolysis via carboxylesterases to telotristat, its active metabolite. Telotristat is further metabolized. Among the metabolites of telotristat, the systemic exposure to an acid metabolite of oxidative deaminated decarboxylated telotristat was about 35% of that of telotristat. In vitro data suggest that telotristat ethyl and telotristat are not substrates for CYP enzymes. This metabolic pathway ensures efficient processing of the drug, helping to minimize potential toxicity and side effects.

Absorption:

The absorption characteristics of Telotristat ethyl are crucial for its therapeutic efficacy: After a single oral dose of telotristat ethyl to healthy subjects, telotristat ethyl was absorbed and metabolized to its active metabolite, telotristat. Peak plasma concentrations of telotristat ethyl were achieved within 0.5 to 2 hours, and those of telotristat within 1 to 3 hours. Plasma concentrations thereafter declined in a biphasic manner. Following administration of a single 500 mg dose of telotristat ethyl (twice the recommended dosage) under fasted conditions in healthy subjects, the mean C_max and AUC_0-inf were 4.4 ng/mL and 6.23 ng•hr/mL, respectively for telotristat ethyl. The mean C_max and AUC_0-inf were 610 ng/mL and 2320 ng•hr/mL, respectively for telotristat. Peak plasma concentrations and AUC of telotristat ethyl and telotristat appeared to be dose proportional following administration of a single dose of telotristat ethyl in the range of 100 mg (0.4 times the lowest recommended dose to 1000 mg ) under fasted conditions. Following multiple-dose administration of telotristat ethyl 500 mg three times daily, there was negligible accumulation at steady state for both telotristat ethyl and telotristat. In patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors and carcinoid syndrome diarrhea treated with SSA therapy, the median T_max for telotristat ethyl and telotristat was approximately 1 and 2 hours, respectively. Following administration of 500 mg telotristat ethyl three times daily, with meals in patients, the mean C_max and AUC_0-6hr were approximately 7 ng/mL and 22 ng•hr/mL, respectively, for telotristat ethyl. The mean C_max and AUC_0-6hr were approximately 900 ng/mL and 3000 ng•hr/mL, respectively for telotristat. The pharmacokinetic parameters for both telotristat ethyl and telotristat were highly variable with about 55% coefficient of variation. The drug's ability to rapidly penetrate into cells ensures quick onset of action.

Half-life:

The half-life of Telotristat ethyl is an important consideration for its dosing schedule: Following a single 500 mg oral dose of telotristat ethyl in healthy subjects, the apparent half-life was approximately 0.6 hours for telotristat ethyl and 5 hours for telotristat. This determines the duration of action and helps in formulating effective dosing regimens.

Protein Binding:

Telotristat ethyl exhibits a strong affinity for binding with plasma proteins: Both telotristat ethyl and telotristat are greater than 99% bound to human plasma proteins. This property plays a key role in the drug's pharmacokinetics and distribution within the body.

Route of Elimination:

The elimination of Telotristat ethyl from the body primarily occurs through: Following a single 500 mg oral dose of ¹⁴C-telotristat ethyl, 93.2% of the dose was recovered over 240 hours: 92.8% was recovered in the feces, with less than 0.4% being recovered in the urine. Understanding this pathway is essential for assessing potential drug accumulation and toxicity risks.

Volume of Distribution:

Telotristat ethyl is distributed throughout the body with a volume of distribution of: The estimated apparent total volume of distribution for the active metabolite from the Population PK model of 428.1 L in a typical healthy fasted subject and 348.7 L in patients with carcinoid syndrome. This metric indicates how extensively the drug permeates into body tissues.

Clearance:

The clearance rate of Telotristat ethyl is a critical factor in determining its safe and effective dosage: The apparent total clearance at steady state (CL/F_ss) following oral dosing with telotristat ethyl 500 mg three times daily for 14 days (twice the recommended dosage) in healthy subjects was 2.7 and 152 L/hr for telotristat ethyl and telotristat, respectively. It reflects the efficiency with which the drug is removed from the systemic circulation.

Pharmacodynamics:

Telotristat ethyl exerts its therapeutic effects through: In normal mice, telotristat etiprate (administered once daily for 4 days at doses of 15–300 mg/kg/day) was found to reduce serotonin levels throughout the gastrointestinal tract. These reductions occurred in a dose dependent fashion with maximal effects observed with doses of telotristat etiprate ≥150 mg/kg. No significant change in brain serotonin or 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA, a serotonin metabolite) was observed. Similar findings were seen in Sprague-Dawley rats. Gastrointestinal motility studies were conducted in rats using the charcoal meal test. There was a significant dose-related delay in both gastrointestinal transit and gastric emptying, associated with a reduction in blood serotonin levels and proximal colon serotonin. A quantitative whole-body autoradiography study was conducted to assess the absorption, distribution and excretion of radioactivity in rats following a single oral dose of telotristat etiprate labeled with carbon 14. Rats were administered either 30 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg of the compound. The distribution of radioactivity was limited to tissues of the hepatic and renal system and the contents of the GI tract. There was no measurable radioactivity in the brain at any dose tested. The drug's ability to modulate various physiological processes underscores its efficacy in treating specific conditions.

Mechanism of Action:

Telotristat ethyl functions by: Telotristat, the active metabolite of telotristat ethyl, is an inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, which mediates the rate-limiting step in serotonin biosynthesis. The in vitro inhibitory potency of telotristat towards tryptophan hydroxylase is 29 times higher than that of telotristat ethyl. Serotonin plays a role in mediating secretion, motility, inflammation, and sensation of the gastrointestinal tract, and is over-produced in patients with carcinoid syndrome. Through inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylase, telotristat and telotristat ethyl reduce the production of peripheral serotonin, and the frequency of carcinoid syndrome diarrhea. This mechanism highlights the drug's role in inhibiting or promoting specific biological pathways, contributing to its therapeutic effects.

Toxicity:

Classification:

Telotristat ethyl belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylalanine and derivatives. These are compounds containing phenylalanine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of phenylalanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom, classified under the direct parent group Phenylalanine and derivatives. This compound is a part of the Organic compounds, falling under the Organic acids and derivatives superclass, and categorized within the Carboxylic acids and derivatives class, specifically within the Amino acids, peptides, and analogues subclass.

Categories:

Telotristat ethyl is categorized under the following therapeutic classes: Antidiarrheals, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 Inducers, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 Inducers (strength unknown), Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Inhibitors, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 inhibitors (strength unknown), Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Inhibitors, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Inhibitors (strength unknown), Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Inhibitors, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Inhibitors (strength unknown), Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors (strength unknown), Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inducers, Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors, Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inducers, Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inducers (strength unknown), Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors, Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors (strength unknown), Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inducers, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors, P-glycoprotein inhibitors, P-glycoprotein substrates, Tryptophan Hydroxylase Inhibitor, UGT2B7 inducers. These classifications highlight the drug's diverse therapeutic applications and its importance in treating various conditions.

Experimental Properties:

Further physical and chemical characteristics of Telotristat ethyl include:

• Water Solubility: 71 mg/mL