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Diloxanide | CAS No: 579-38-4 | GMP-certified suppliers
A medication that treats asymptomatic intestinal amebiasis by clearing Entamoeba histolytica cysts and complements therapy for invasive or extraintestinal amebiasis.
Therapeutic categories
Primary indications
- Diloxanide is used alone as a primary agent in the treatment of asymptomatic (cyst passers) intestinal amebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica
- Diloxanide may also be used concurrently, or sequentially, with other agents such as the nitroimidazoles (eg
- Metronidazole) in the treatment of invasive or extraintestinal forms of amebiasis
Product Snapshot
- Diloxanide is formulated as an oral small molecule agent
- It is primarily used for the treatment of asymptomatic intestinal amebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica and may be combined with nitroimidazoles for invasive forms
- Diloxanide currently holds experimental status without approved regulatory clearance
Clinical Overview
Diloxanide belongs to the chemical class of anilides and functions as a luminal amebicide. The prodrug form, diloxanide furoate, undergoes hydrolysis in the gastrointestinal tract to release the active diloxanide moiety. The precise mechanism of action remains undetermined; however, it is hypothesized to inhibit protein synthesis within the protozoan trophozoites. This activity results in the destruction of the trophozoite forms of E. histolytica, leading to their inability to develop into cysts, which are subsequently excreted.
Pharmacokinetic data indicate low systemic absorption after oral administration, consistent with its luminal site of action. This limited absorption reduces systemic exposure but also necessitates adequate gastrointestinal tract concentrations to ensure therapeutic effectiveness against cysts residing within the intestinal lumen.
Safety considerations include its use primarily for asymptomatic infections and in combination with nitroimidazole agents, such as metronidazole, when invasive or extraintestinal disease is present. Reported adverse effects are generally mild to moderate gastrointestinal disturbances. Due to limited systemic exposure, systemic toxicity is considered low, but clinical monitoring is advised when used in combination regimens.
Among the chemical and pharmacological categories, diloxanide is classified under amebicides and antiprotozoal agents. While its use is global, regulatory approval varies, with notable utilization in endemic regions outside the United States.
When sourcing diloxanide APIs, quality assurance is critical given its chemical classification as a dichloroacetamide derivative and the requirement for purity to ensure reliable therapeutic outcomes. Suppliers should provide certificates of analysis confirming compliance with pharmacopeial standards, with attention to residual solvents and related impurities pertinent to anilide compounds.
Identification & chemistry
| Generic name | Diloxanide |
|---|---|
| Molecule type | Small molecule |
| CAS | 579-38-4 |
| UNII | 89134SCM7M |
| DrugBank ID | DB08792 |
Pharmacology
| Summary | Diloxanide furoate is a prodrug converted in the gastrointestinal tract to diloxanide, a luminal amebicide targeting Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. Its mechanism potentially involves inhibition of protein synthesis, leading to destruction of trophozoites and elimination of cysts. It is primarily used to treat asymptomatic intestinal amebiasis by eradicating luminal parasites. |
|---|---|
| Mechanism of action | Unknown. Diloxanide may inhibit protein synthesis. |
| Pharmacodynamics | Diloxanide is a luminal amebicide, however the mechanism of action of diloxanide is unknown. Diloxanide destroys the trophozoites of E. histolytica that eventually form into cysts. The cysts are then excreted by persons infected with asymptomatic amebiasis. Diloxanide furoate is a prodrug, and is hydrolyzed in the gastrointestinal tract to produce diloxanide, the active ingredient. |
ADME / PK
| Absorption | Bioavailability is 90% (in diloxanide parental form), however diloxanide furoate is slowly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. |
|---|---|
| Half-life | 3 hours |
| Metabolism | Hydrolyzed to furoic acid and diloxanide, which undergoes extensive glucuronidation (99% of diloxanide occurs as glucuronide and 1% as free diloxanide in the systemic circulation). |
| Route of elimination | Renal (90%, rapidly excreted as glucuronide metabolite). 10% is excreted in the feces as diloxanide. |
Formulation & handling
- Diloxanide is a small molecule suitable for oral formulation given its moderate water solubility and LogP.
- The compound’s stability profile should be evaluated under various storage conditions due to its anilide functional group.
- No specific sensitivity to food or parenteral administration considerations are indicated based on available data.
Regulatory status
Diloxanide is a type of Antiprotozoics
Antiprotozoics are a vital subcategory of pharmaceutical Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) used to combat protozoan infections. Protozoa are single-celled microorganisms that can cause severe diseases in humans, such as malaria, leishmaniasis, and toxoplasmosis. Antiprotozoic APIs play a crucial role in the development of effective medications to treat these infections.
These APIs work by targeting specific metabolic pathways or enzymes within the protozoan organisms, effectively inhibiting their growth and reproduction. By interrupting essential processes, antiprotozoics can eliminate the protozoa from the body or suppress their activity, allowing the immune system to effectively combat the infection.
Pharmaceutical companies invest significant efforts in research and development to discover and synthesize new antiprotozoic APIs. The goal is to develop highly potent and selective compounds that can effectively eradicate protozoa while minimizing side effects on the human body. This involves rigorous testing and screening of various chemical compounds to identify potential drug candidates with optimal therapeutic properties.
Antiprotozoic APIs are then used as the active ingredients in the formulation of pharmaceutical drugs, such as tablets, capsules, or injectables. These drugs are prescribed by healthcare professionals to patients suffering from protozoan infections. The selection of the appropriate antiprotozoic API depends on the specific protozoan strain and the characteristics of the infection.
In summary, antiprotozoic APIs are essential pharmaceutical ingredients that play a vital role in treating protozoan infections. Their development involves rigorous research and testing to identify potent compounds that can effectively target and eliminate protozoa, leading to improved health outcomes for patients.
Diloxanide (Antiprotozoics), classified under Antiparasitics
Antiparasitics are a category of pharmaceutical Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) that are used to combat parasitic infections in humans and animals. These APIs play a crucial role in the field of medicine and veterinary care by targeting and eliminating various parasites, such as protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites.
The use of antiparasitics is essential in preventing and treating parasitic diseases, which can cause significant health issues and even be life-threatening. These APIs work by interfering with the parasite's vital biological processes, such as reproduction, metabolism, and survival mechanisms.
Pharmaceutical companies develop and manufacture a wide range of antiparasitic APIs to cater to different parasitic infections. Some common examples of antiparasitics include anthelmintics (used against intestinal worms), antimalarials (used to treat malaria), and ectoparasiticides (used to control external parasites like ticks and fleas).
The development of antiparasitic APIs requires rigorous research, including the identification of suitable targets within the parasite's biology and the formulation of effective chemical compounds. Safety and efficacy are paramount in the manufacturing of antiparasitics, ensuring that they effectively combat the targeted parasites while minimizing adverse effects on the host.
Overall, antiparasitics are vital tools in the fight against parasitic infections, benefiting both human and animal health. Through ongoing research and development, the pharmaceutical industry continues to innovate and improve antiparasitic APIs, contributing to the advancement of healthcare and the well-being of individuals and their animal companions.
