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General Description:

Xylose, identified by CAS number 58-86-6, is a notable compound with significant therapeutic applications. Xylose is a monosaccharide of the aldopentose type consisted of five carbon atoms and an aldehyde functional group. Xylose is a sugar isolated from wood. D-Xylose is a sugar widely used as a diabetic sweetener in food and beverage. Xylose has also been used as a diagnostic agent to observe malabsorption. Reduction of xylose by catalytic hydrogenation produces the common food additive sweetener substitute xylitol . The dextrorotary form of xylose, D-xylose, refers usually to the endogenously occurring form of the sugar in living things. The levorotary form, L-xylose, can refer to the form that is synthesized. Nevertheless, xylose by itself may not necessarily serve many purposes immediately - but its metabolism results in a variety of substrates that can serve important nutritional and biological purposes.

Indications:

This drug is primarily indicated for: The predominant everyday nutritional usage of xylose is as a parent sugar alcohol from which another sugar alcohol - xylitol- can be derived from and used as an extremely common food additive or sweetener to be used in place of regular sugars as a lower calorie alternative . Alternatively, xylose was also involved in a procedure known as a D-xylose absorption test that used to be employed to evaluate how well an individual was capable of absorbing a simple sugar like D-xylose from the intestines . By measuring the amount of D-xylose in urine and blood samples after an individual ingested a certain amount of the simple sugar dissolved in some water, the test sought to determine if nutrients were being properly absorbed in the patient's gastrointestinal tract . Its use in specific medical scenarios underscores its importance in the therapeutic landscape.

Metabolism:

Xylose undergoes metabolic processing primarily in: The most common and traditional metabolism pathway for xylose is the oxidoreductase pathway (or xylose reductase-xylitol dehydrogenase, XR-XDH pathway) . In this pathway, xylose is first reduced to xylitol using the xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) enzyme with NADH or NADPH . The resultant xylitol is subsequently oxidized to D-xylulose by the xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) enzyme while utilizing the cofactor NAD . Finally, the D-xylulose is phosphorylated by an ATP utilizing kinase (xylulose kinase enzyme) to generate D-xylulose-5-phosphate, which serves as an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway for nucleotide synthesis . This metabolic pathway ensures efficient processing of the drug, helping to minimize potential toxicity and side effects.

Absorption:

The absorption characteristics of Xylose are crucial for its therapeutic efficacy: When 12 normal healthy subjects were given an intravenous D-xylose dosing of 10 grams and then an oral dose of 25 grams a week later, the observed absorption percentage was about 69.4% (p < 0.002) and the observed absorption rate was approximately 1.03/hr (p< 0.05) . The maximum concentration observed in the subjects was 0.53 mg/L with 71 minutes being the time to reach the maximum concentration . The absolute bioavailability recorded was 69% . The drug's ability to rapidly penetrate into cells ensures quick onset of action.

Half-life:

The half-life of Xylose is an important consideration for its dosing schedule: The elimination half-life observed in healthy individuals is 75 minutes . This determines the duration of action and helps in formulating effective dosing regimens.

Protein Binding:

Xylose exhibits a strong affinity for binding with plasma proteins: Readily accessible data regarding the protein binding of xylose within the context of the human body is not available. This property plays a key role in the drug's pharmacokinetics and distribution within the body.

Route of Elimination:

The elimination of Xylose from the body primarily occurs through: In patients with normal kidney function, renal excretion accounts for approximately half (50%) of their total D-xylose elimination . Any non-renal D-xylose elimination is presumed to be hepatic clearance . Understanding this pathway is essential for assessing potential drug accumulation and toxicity risks.

Volume of Distribution:

Xylose is distributed throughout the body with a volume of distribution of: The volume of distribution observed for d-xylose in normal healthy subjects is 0.22 L/kg . This metric indicates how extensively the drug permeates into body tissues.

Clearance:

The clearance rate of Xylose is a critical factor in determining its safe and effective dosage: The renal clearance rate observed in healthy individuals is 89 ml/min . The accompanying plasma and non-renal clearances are 180 and 91 ml/min, respectively . It reflects the efficiency with which the drug is removed from the systemic circulation.

Pharmacodynamics:

Xylose exerts its therapeutic effects through: Xylose is often used as a parent sugar alcohol from which the commonly used food additive sweetener, xylitol, can be derived via the hydrogenation of xylose. Xylitol possesses many characteristics that make it a healthy and effective alternative to regular sugar. For example, although it looks and tastes exactly like ordinary sugar , having a 100% relative sweetness versus normal sucrose , it also has a low impact on blood sugar and insulin secretion and a minimal caloric value of 2.4 calories/gm . Furthermore, xylitol is non-fermentable and thus cannot be transformed to acids by oral bacteria, allowing it to restore a proper alkaline/acid balance in the mouth . Various studies cite this effect for allowing xylitol products like chewing gum to be effective at reducing dental caries . Altogether, these characteristics make xylose and its xylitol metabolite an effective alternative sweetener for healthy food choices for individuals who may be diabetic or for individuals simply wanting to make healthy dietary choices for their bodies. The drug's ability to modulate various physiological processes underscores its efficacy in treating specific conditions.

Mechanism of Action:

Xylose functions by: Xylose is metabolized into various chemical intermediates that can play critical functions in the biological homeostasis of the human body. Via the oxido-reductase metabolism pathway of xylose in eukaryotic organisms, xylose is ultimately catabolized into (D)-xylulose-5-phosphate, which functions as an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway . Within the pentose phosphate pathway, NADPH, pentose 5-carbon sugars, and ribose 5-phosphate are generated as materials and precursors for the synthesis of nucleotides . In particular, xylulose-5-phosphate can be used to directly generate glycerinaldehyde-3-phosphate in the pathway . Other studies have also demonstrated that xylulose-5-phosphate may also play a role in gene expression, perhaps by promoting ChREBP transcription factor in the well-fed state . This mechanism highlights the drug's role in inhibiting or promoting specific biological pathways, contributing to its therapeutic effects.

Toxicity:

Classification:

Xylose belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pentoses. These are monosaccharides in which the carbohydrate moiety contains five carbon atoms, classified under the direct parent group Pentoses. This compound is a part of the Organic compounds, falling under the Organic oxygen compounds superclass, and categorized within the Organooxygen compounds class, specifically within the Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates subclass.

Categories:

Xylose is categorized under the following therapeutic classes: Carbohydrates, Monosaccharides, Pentoses. These classifications highlight the drug's diverse therapeutic applications and its importance in treating various conditions.