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Phenindione | CAS No: 83-12-5 | GMP-certified suppliers
A medication that provides anticoagulant therapy for thromboembolic conditions including pulmonary embolism, cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, cerebral embolism, and thrombophilia, requiring careful monitoring.
Therapeutic categories
Primary indications
- For the treatment of pulmonary embolism, cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation and flutter, cerebral embolism, mural thrombosis, and thrombophili
- Also used for anticoagulant prophylaxis
Product Snapshot
- Phenindione is an oral small molecule anticoagulant
- It is primarily used for the treatment and prophylaxis of thromboembolic disorders including pulmonary embolism, cardiomyopathy-related thrombosis, atrial fibrillation, cerebral embolism, and mural thrombosis
- The compound has both approved and investigational regulatory status
Clinical Overview
Pharmacologically, phenindione exerts its effect by inhibiting vitamin K reductase, thereby depleting the reduced form of vitamin K (vitamin KH2). This depletion impairs the gamma-carboxylation of glutamate residues on vitamin K-dependent coagulation proteins synthesized in the liver. As a result, the production and activation of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X, as well as anticoagulant proteins C and S, are significantly reduced. The diminished levels of these factors, particularly II, VII, and X, lead to decreased prothrombin levels and impaired thrombin generation, consequently reducing blood clot formation and thrombogenicity.
Phenindione does not affect established thrombi directly, nor does it reverse ischemic tissue damage. Its clinical utility lies in preventing further clot extension and secondary thromboembolic complications that may cause serious morbidity and mortality. Despite its efficacy, phenindione is infrequently used today due to a higher incidence of severe adverse reactions compared to other vitamin K antagonists, notably warfarin.
Key pharmacokinetic details such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion vary depending on formulation and patient factors, with metabolism primarily hepatic. The drug’s narrow therapeutic index necessitates careful monitoring to balance anticoagulation efficacy against bleeding risk.
Use of phenindione requires vigilance for hematologic toxicities, hypersensitivity reactions, and other adverse effects which have limited its clinical adoption. It remains approved in some jurisdictions but is considered investigational or obsolete in others.
For API sourcing, stringent quality control is essential given the complexity of the indandione scaffold and the compound’s narrow therapeutic margin. Compliance with pharmacopeial standards and regulatory guidelines ensures batch-to-batch consistency, purity, and safety suitable for pharmaceutical formulation.
Identification & chemistry
| Generic name | Phenindione |
|---|---|
| Molecule type | Small molecule |
| CAS | 83-12-5 |
| UNII | 5M7Y6274ZE |
| DrugBank ID | DB00498 |
Pharmacology
| Summary | Phenindione acts as a vitamin K antagonist by inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase, reducing the availability of reduced vitamin K required for gamma-carboxylation of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X. This inhibition decreases prothrombin synthesis and thrombin generation, leading to anticoagulant effects that reduce clot formation. It is used to prevent and treat thromboembolic disorders by limiting further thrombogenesis without direct action on existing thrombi. |
|---|---|
| Mechanism of action | Phenindione inhibits vitamin K reductase, resulting in depletion of the reduced form of vitamin K (vitamin KH2). As vitamin K is a cofactor for the carboxylation of glutamate residues on the N-terminal regions of vitamin K-dependent proteins, this limits the gamma-carboxylation and subsequent activation of the vitamin K-dependent coagulant proteins. The synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X and anticoagulant proteins C and S is inhibited. Depression of three of the four vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors (factors II, VII, and X) results in decreased prothrombin levels and a decrease in the amount of thrombin generated and bound to fibrin. This reduces the thrombogenicity of clots. |
| Pharmacodynamics | Phenindione thins the blood by antagonizing vitamin K which is required for the production of clotting factors in the liver. Anticoagulants such as Phenindione have no direct effect on an established thrombus, nor do they reverse ischemic tissue damage (damage caused by an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body). However, once a thrombus has occurred, the goal of anticoagulant treatment is to prevent further extension of the formed clot and prevent secondary thromboembolic complications which may result in serious and possibly fatal sequelae. Phenindione has actions similar to warfarin, but it is now rarely employed because of its higer incidence of severe adverse effects. |
Targets
| Target | Organism | Actions |
|---|---|---|
| Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 | Humans | inhibitor |
ADME / PK
| Absorption | Absorbed slowly from the gastrointestinal tract. |
|---|---|
| Half-life | 5-10 hours |
| Protein binding | 88% |
| Metabolism | Hepatic. |
Formulation & handling
- Phenindione is a small molecule primarily formulated for oral administration due to its limited water solubility.
- Being a small molecule anticoagulant, it requires careful consideration of potential food and supplement interactions that may affect its activity.
- Its moderate lipophilicity (LogP 2.88) suggests formulation strategies should address bioavailability enhancements for consistent therapeutic effect.
Regulatory status
Supply Chain
| Supply chain summary | Phenindione is manufactured by a limited number of originator companies, with Sanofi Aventis US LLC identified as a key producer. Branded products for phenindione are primarily present in the US market, with less clear presence in the EU and other regions. Given the absence of recent patent information, it is likely that phenindione faces existing generic competition in its major markets. |
|---|
Safety
| Toxicity | Oral, mouse: LD50 = 175 mg/kg; Oral, rat: LD50 = 163 mg/kg. |
|---|
- Exhibits moderate acute oral toxicity with LD50 values of 163–175 mg/kg in rodent models
- Handle with appropriate protective equipment to minimize inhalation and dermal exposure
- Avoid environmental release due to potential bioactivity and toxicity to aquatic organisms
Phenindione is a type of Vitamins
Vitamins are an essential subcategory of pharmaceutical Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) that play a crucial role in maintaining optimal health and well-being. These organic compounds are required in small quantities by the human body to support various metabolic processes and ensure proper functioning of bodily systems. Vitamins can be broadly classified into two groups: fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K) and water-soluble vitamins (including vitamin C and B-complex vitamins). Each vitamin has a specific role and function within the body.
Pharmaceutical APIs in the vitamin subcategory are carefully synthesized or extracted to meet stringent quality standards and ensure purity, efficacy, and safety. They are used as active ingredients in the formulation of various pharmaceutical products, including dietary supplements, fortified foods, and pharmaceutical formulations.
Vitamin APIs are commonly utilized in the pharmaceutical industry for their therapeutic benefits. For instance, vitamin D API is widely prescribed to treat deficiencies and maintain optimal bone health, while vitamin C API is utilized for its antioxidant properties and immune-boosting effects. B-complex vitamins, such as vitamin B12 API, are essential for energy production and nerve function.
Overall, vitamins are integral to maintaining good health, and pharmaceutical APIs in this subcategory play a vital role in providing these essential nutrients to individuals through various pharmaceutical and dietary applications.
Phenindione (Vitamins), classified under Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolyte
Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolytes: A Comprehensive Technical DescriptionTherapeutic nutrients, minerals, and electrolytes are a vital category of pharmaceutical active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) used to support and enhance overall health and well-being. These compounds play a crucial role in maintaining the body's physiological balance, aiding in various metabolic processes, and addressing specific deficiencies.
Therapeutic nutrients encompass a broad range of substances, including vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes. Vitamins are organic compounds required in small quantities for proper bodily functions and are essential for growth, development, and disease prevention. Minerals, on the other hand, are inorganic substances that support numerous physiological processes, such as bone formation, nerve function, and energy production.
Electrolytes are minerals that carry an electric charge when dissolved in bodily fluids, including sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride. They play a crucial role in maintaining proper hydration, nerve impulses, muscle contractions, and pH balance.
Pharmaceutical APIs in the Therapeutic Nutrients/Minerals/Electrolyte category are designed to address specific deficiencies or imbalances in the body. These APIs are often used in the formulation of dietary supplements, nutritional products, and therapeutic treatments. They are manufactured under stringent quality control guidelines to ensure purity, potency, and bioavailability.
Therapeutic nutrients/minerals/electrolytes APIs are available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, powders, and liquid formulations. They are formulated to meet specific dosage requirements and can be combined with other ingredients for targeted health benefits.
Overall, therapeutic nutrients, minerals, and electrolytes APIs are essential components in maintaining optimal health. Their use helps address deficiencies, support bodily functions, and promote overall well-being. Pharmaceutical companies and healthcare professionals rely on these high-quality APIs to develop effective and safe products that contribute to a healthier population.
Phenindione API manufacturers & distributors
Compare qualified Phenindione API suppliers worldwide. We currently have 1 companies offering Phenindione API, with manufacturing taking place in 1 different countries. Use the table below to review supplier type, countries of origin, certifications, product portfolio and GMP audit availability.
| Supplier | Type | Country | Product origin | Certifications | Portfolio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chemische Fabrik Berg | Producer | Germany | Germany | CoA, GMP | 20 products |
When sending a request, specify which Phenindione API quality you need: for example EP (Ph. Eur.), USP, JP, BP, or another pharmacopoeial standard, as well as the required grade (base, salt, micronised, specific purity, etc.).
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