Serdexmethylphenidate API Manufacturers

General Description:

Serdexmethylphenidate, identified by CAS number 1996626-29-9, is a notable compound with significant therapeutic applications. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is an early-onset neurodevelopmental disorder that often extends into adulthood and is characterized by developmentally inappropriate and impaired attention, impulsivity, and motor hyperactivity. The underlying cause of ADHD is unclear but likely involves dysfunction in dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission, as evidenced by the clear beneficial effect of CNS stimulants such as and that increase extracellular dopamine and norepinephrine levels. Serdexmethylphenidate is a prodrug of the CNS stimulant , a common first-line treatment for ADHD, that is combined with to provide extended plasma concentrations and therapeutic benefit with once-daily dosing. Serdexmethylphenidate was granted FDA approval on March 2, 2021, and is currently marketed as a combination capsule with under the trademark AZSTARYS™ by KemPharm, Inc.

Indications:

This drug is primarily indicated for: Serdexmethylphenidate is a prodrug of that is indicated in combination with for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in patients aged six years and older. Its use in specific medical scenarios underscores its importance in the therapeutic landscape.

Metabolism:

Serdexmethylphenidate undergoes metabolic processing primarily in: Serdexmethylphenidate is converted to dexmethylphenidate in the lower gastrointestinal tract by as yet unknown enzymes. Following this, dexmethylphenidate is mainly converted to d-α-phenyl-piperidine acetic acid (d-ritalinic acid) in the liver by carboxylesterase 1A1. Other metabolites include the oxidation products 6-oxo-methylphenidate and p-hydroxy-methylphenidate, which are then de-esterified to oxo-ritalinic acid and p-hydroxy-ritalinic acid, respectively. Methylphenidate may also be trans-esterified to form ethylphenidate. This metabolic pathway ensures efficient processing of the drug, helping to minimize potential toxicity and side effects.

Absorption:

The absorption characteristics of Serdexmethylphenidate are crucial for its therapeutic efficacy: Following a single dose of serdexmethylphenidate/dexmethylphenidate (52.3/10.4 mg) compared to extended-release dexmethylphenidate (40 mg) capsules in healthy volunteers under fasted conditions, the C_max and AUC of dexmethylphenidate were 14.0 ng/mL and 186 ng\*h/mL and 28.2 ng/mL and 248 ng\*h/mL, respectively. The kinetics are approximately linear over a range of concentrations, with steady-state being reached after the third once-daily dose. Serdexmethylphenidate has a low oral bioavailability of 3%. The T_max for both serdexmethylphenidate and dexmethylphenidate is approximately two hours under fasted conditions when coadministered. When serdexmethylphenidate is administered as a single entity, the dexmethylphenidate T_max is approximately eight hours. Different ratios of serdexmethylphenidate to dexmethylphenidate, 64/8, 56/12, and 48/16 mg, each equivalent to 40 mg of dexmethylphenidate, were tested in healthy adult volunteers under fasted conditions. In each case, dexmethylphenidate reached peak plasma concentrations in roughly two hours (mean between 1.6-1.8 hours), which gradually decreased over 24 hours. The C_max varied from 15.5 ± 3.7 to 23.8 ± 5.7 ng/mL while the AUC_0-24h varied from 187.0 ± 41.0 to 207 ± 54.4 ng\*h/mL. Another study investigated the pharmacokinetics of serdexmethylphenidate/dexmethylphenidate (28/6 or 56/12 mg) in patients aged between six and 17 years of age. In general, the C_max and AUC varied between cohorts and dose but were roughly equivalent when normalized for both dose and body weight. The drug's ability to rapidly penetrate into cells ensures quick onset of action.

Half-life:

The half-life of Serdexmethylphenidate is an important consideration for its dosing schedule: Following a single oral dose of 52.3 mg/10.4 mg serdexmethylphenidate/dexmethylphenidate, the mean plasma terminal elimination half-lives of each component were roughly 5.7 and 11.7 hours, respectively. At steady-state in healthy adults under fasted conditions, serdexmethylphenidate/dexmethylphenidate at 64/8, 56/12, and 48/16 mg resulted in a dexmethylphenidate half-life of between 8.5 ± 2.3 and 9.2 ± 3.5 hours. This determines the duration of action and helps in formulating effective dosing regimens.

Protein Binding:

Serdexmethylphenidate exhibits a strong affinity for binding with plasma proteins: Plasma protein binding of serdexmethylphenidate and dexmethylphenidate is low at therapeutic doses, 56% and 47%, respectively, at 5 μM, a concentration roughly 60 times that achieved in therapeutic application. This property plays a key role in the drug's pharmacokinetics and distribution within the body.

Route of Elimination:

The elimination of Serdexmethylphenidate from the body primarily occurs through: Following oral serdexmethylphenidate dosing in humans, roughly 62% and 37% of the initial dose was recovered in the urine and feces, of which about 0.4% and 11% of the initial dose was recovered unchanged, respectively. Ritalinic acid accounted for approximately 63% of the recovered dose. When methylphenidate was administered orally as a racemate, about 90% of the dose was recovered in urine, of which racemic acid accounted for approximately 80% of the dose. Understanding this pathway is essential for assessing potential drug accumulation and toxicity risks.

Volume of Distribution:

Serdexmethylphenidate is distributed throughout the body with a volume of distribution of: Serdexmethylphenidate has a mean apparent volume of distribution of 29.3 L/kg following serdexmethylphenidate/dexmethylphenidate administration. Serdexmethylphenidate/dexmethylphenidate (28/6 or 56/12 mg) administered orally in patients aged between six and 17 years of age produced an apparent volume of distribution of dexmethylphenidate of between 37.6 and 66 L/kg. This metric indicates how extensively the drug permeates into body tissues.

Clearance:

The clearance rate of Serdexmethylphenidate is a critical factor in determining its safe and effective dosage: Serdexmethylphenidate has a mean apparent clearance of about 3.6 L/h/kg following oral serdexmethylphenidate/dexmethylphenidate administration. In patients aged 6-17 years following oral administration of 28/6 or 56/12 mg serdexmethylphenidate/dexmethylphenidate, dexmethylphenidate has a mean apparent clearance of between 2.5 and 3.4 L/h/kg when normalized for dose. It reflects the efficiency with which the drug is removed from the systemic circulation.

Pharmacodynamics:

Serdexmethylphenidate exerts its therapeutic effects through: Serdexmethylphenidate is a prodrug of the CNS stimulant , which increases extracellular levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the CNS, leading to altered neurotransmission. As a CNS stimulant, serdexmethylphenidate carries a risk of abuse, misuse, and dependence, which should be monitored. Also, CNS stimulants are associated with increased blood pressure, heart rate, and risk of serious cardiovascular reactions, including stroke, myocardial infarction, and sudden death; patients should be assessed before starting therapy and monitored for cardiovascular abnormalities. Similarly, CNS stimulants may also result in peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud's phenomenon. Due to its ability to alter neurological function, serdexmethylphenidate may exacerbate pre-existing psychoses, induce manic episodes in patients with bipolar disorder, or result in newly diagnosable manic or psychotic symptoms. Frequent, sustained, and painful erections, which may require medical attention, have been observed in patients who have been treated for some time with serdexmethylphenidate, often associated with a dose increase. Finally, like other CNS stimulants, serdexmethylphenidate has been associated with weight loss and growth retardation, which may require treatment interruption in serious cases. The drug's ability to modulate various physiological processes underscores its efficacy in treating specific conditions.

Mechanism of Action:

Serdexmethylphenidate functions by: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is an early-onset neurodevelopmental disorder that often extends into adulthood and is characterized by developmentally inappropriate and impaired attention, impulsivity, and motor hyperactivity. Proper diagnosis is hindered by a lack of biological markers (based on symptoms alone), a spectrum of severity, and frequent comorbidities such as autism spectrum disorder, reading disabilities, developmental coordination disorders, and tic disorders. Although the underlying cause(s) is unclear, dopaminergic, noradrenergic, serotonergic, cholinergic, glutaminergic, and opioid neurotransmission likely plays a role. Serdexmethylphenidate is a prodrug of the CNS stimulant (MPH), a common first-line treatment for ADHD. The main effect of MPH is to increase the extracellular levels of dopamine and norepinephrine, which has numerous potential downstream effects. This occurs mainly due to MPH's ability to inhibit the corresponding dopamine and norepinephrine monoamine transporters. Other studies have suggested additional possible MPH functions, including serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonism, redistribution of vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT-2), and either direct or indirect activation of α2-adrenergic receptors. Overall, imaging studies reveal that MPH acts to alter brain activity in relevant regions associated with executive function, emotional regulation, reward processing, and working memory. This mechanism highlights the drug's role in inhibiting or promoting specific biological pathways, contributing to its therapeutic effects.

Toxicity:

Categories:

Serdexmethylphenidate is categorized under the following therapeutic classes: Agents that produce hypertension, Central Nervous System Agents, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Central Nervous System Stimulation, Dopamine Agents, Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors, Membrane Transport Modulators, Nervous System, Neurotransmitter Agents, Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors, Phenylacetates, Piperidines, Psychoanaleptics, Psychostimulants, Agents Used for ADHD and Nootropics. These classifications highlight the drug's diverse therapeutic applications and its importance in treating various conditions.